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Biology > Human Nutrition Ch 28 > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Ch 28 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Autotroph

A

Makes their own food

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2
Q

Heterotroph

A

Takes in food from the environment

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3
Q

Parasite

A

Heterotroph that feeds on live sources

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4
Q

Saprophyte

A

A heterotroph that feeds on dead matter

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5
Q

Herbivore

A

Animals that feed mainly on plants

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6
Q

Herbivore

A

Animals that feed mainly on plants

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7
Q

Carnivore

A

Animals that feed mainly on animals

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8
Q

Omnivore

A

Animals that feed on both plants and animals

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9
Q

Digestive system

A

Aka alimentary canal / gut

Needed so that digestive enzymes are not needed in every cell in the body eg like sponges or tapeworms

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10
Q

Four processes

A

Ingestion - taking food in
Digestion - breakdown of food
Absorption - food passes into the blood
Egestion - removal of waste

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11
Q

Name the types of teeth and give function

A

Incisors - cutting and slicing
Canines - for gripping and tearing
Premolars - for crushing and grinding
Molars - for crushing and grinding

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12
Q

How many teeth do humans have

A

Max 32

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13
Q

Dental formula:

A

2(I2/2 C1/1 P2/2 M3/3)

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14
Q

What are the two types of digestion in the mouth

A

Mechanical and chemical

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15
Q

Mechanical digestion in the mouth

A

Chewing and grinding action of teeth breaks down food

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16
Q

Chemical digestion in the mouth

A

The action of the enzyme amylase breaks down food

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17
Q

What does saliva contain

A

Water, salts, mucus, lysozyme (destroys microorganisms *), amylase

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18
Q

What ph does amylase work best at

A

Ph7

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19
Q

How much saliva do humans produce per day

A

1 litre

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20
Q

Amylase

A

Converts starch to maltose

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21
Q

Peristalsis

A

A wave of muscular action in the walls of the alimentary Canal that moves the food along

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22
Q

What does fibre do

A

Stimulates peristalsis by causing waste to absorb water and expand

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23
Q

What type of digestion is peristalsis

A

Mechanical

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24
Q

Oesophagus function

A

Carries food from the mouth to the stomach using peristalsis

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25
Epiglottus
A flap that closes over the trachea when eating to ensure food passes into the oesophagus
26
Types of digestion in the stomach
Mechanical - churning action Chemical - gastric juice
27
Chyme
Formed when food is churned with gastric juice
28
Stomach
Muscular bag that holds and digests food - holds 1 l of food for approx 4 hrs
29
What prevents self digestion in the stomach
Mucus coating
30
Oh of hydracholric acid
Oh 1-2
31
Function hydrochloride acid
Kills bacteria, loosens food no activates pepsinogen
32
Pepsinogen
Inactive so that it does not digest the stomach lining - pepsinogen is converted to the active enzyme pepsinogen when it chemically reacts with HCl
33
Pepsin
Active enzyme A type of protease Converts proteins to smaller peptides
34
Lipase
Breaks lipids into fatty acids & glycerol
35
The pancreas
- secretes insulin - secretes pancreatic juice (sodium bicarbonate, amylase, lipase)
36
How does pancreatic juice enter the duodenum
Through the pancreatic duct
37
What is the function of sodium bicarbonate
Neutralises the chyme
38
What ph does lipase work best as
Ph 7 to 9 in the duodenum
39
The liver
A gland - breaks down red blood cells - converts glucose to glycogen for storage - breaks down poisons (alcohol, drugs) - breaks down excess amino acids to form urea - deamination - converts excess carbohydrate to fat -makes BILE !
40
Ingestion
Taking of food into digestive system, happens when food is placed in the mouth
41
Digestion
Breakdown of food -physical digestion The mechanical breakdown. Eg when we chew food or churn in the stomach -increases the surface area so that chemical digestion can take place more efficiently -chemical digestion The breakdown of food using enzymes
42
Absorption
Occurs when the digested food passes from the digestive system and enters the blood system
43
Egestion
The removal of unabsorbed waste from the digestive system
44
Bile Made from Made in Stored
-yellow-green viscous liquid Water, bile salts, bile pigments Liver Gall bladder - entered the duodenum through the bile duct
45
Functions of bile
-to emulsify liquids - break down fats and oils into tiny droplets - neutralises chyme - contains sodium hydrogen carbonate ( alkaline) - to excrete pigments (biliverdin and bilirubin) made from damaged red blood cells.
46
Small intestine
Two main parts- duodenum (25cm), ileum (5.5m) Food is in small intestine for 1- 6 hrs
47
Duodenum
Function : to digest food Adaptations: Cells of duodenum produce enzymes Products of pancreas and liver (are excreted) enter duodenum
48
Ileum
Food entering the ileum is almost completely digested : Function: to absorb nutrients Adaptions : 1. Long to allow time for absorption 2. Has unfolding called villi -> increases surface area for absorption
49
Amylase Made in Active in Substrate Product Preferred pH
Salivary glands, pancreas Mouth, duodenum, Starch Maltose 7-9
50
Pepsin Made in Active in Substrate Product Preferred pH
Stomach lining Stomach Proteins Peptides 2
51
Villi adaptations for absorptions / small intestine
-large numbers of villi (increase s.a) - each villus covered in large numbers of microvilli (increase s.a) - wall is only 1 cell thick ( to allow for diffusion of food) - They have rich blood supply
52
Lacteal:
-inside each villus is a lacteal -> absorbs fats -each lacteal contains lymph -fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the lacteal and transported to the blood.
53
Capillaries
-all digested food (not fatty a and glycerol) are absorbed into capillaries -capillaries carry the food to the hepatic portal vein and to the liver]
54
Deamination
Amino acids cannot be stored in the liver, so they are broken down to form urea in a process called deamination
55
Large intestine
-about 1.5 m long -called large intestine a diameter of 6cm compared to 3 cm for small intestine. -food stays her from 10 hrs to a few days
56
Caecum and appendix
Functions not fully known . - in many herbivores , the c and a contain bacteria to digest cellulose - we no longer need to digest cellulose as we get energy from more easily digestible starch. -vestigal organs - lost their former use
57
Why are faeces egested
Faeces are egested not excreted, as faeces are not a waste product of metabolism
58
Colon
Function -reabsorb water - in colon/ large intestine, liquid waste is converted to faeces (water is reabsorbed) - faeces are stored in the revtum before being egested through the anus
59
2 benefits of symbiotic bacteria
- bacteria in the colon produce some B vitamins and vitamin K. - beneficial bacteria prevent the growth of disease causing bacteria and fungi
60
Balanced diet
Contains all the necessary food types and their correct proportions.
61
7 components of food
Carbs, proteins, lipids, minerals, vitamins, fibre, wate
62
4 main food groups (contain similar nutrient)
- cereals, bread, pasta - fruit, veg - milk, cheese, yoghurt, -meat, fish, poultry
63
Amy of food required depends on
-age -activity levels - gender - health
64
Role fibre
Fibre stimulated peristalsis -fibre absorbs and stores water. This causes the unabsorbed wastes to expand, stimulates the walls of the intestine to work.
65
Fibre sources
Whole meal bread Cereals Veg Fruits
66
What is dietary fibre made from
Aka roughage Made from cellulose (can’t digest) from -pant cell walls
67
What is dietary fibre made from
Aka roughage Made from cellulose (can’t digest) from -pant cell walls

Biology (16 decks)

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