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human nutrition exam 4 Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

What are hard water minerals?

A

Magnesium and calcium.

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2
Q

What are soft water minerals?

A

Low in calcium and magnesium.

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3
Q

What is the water recommendation for women?

A

2.7 L/day.

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4
Q

What is the water RDA for men?

A

3.7 L/day.

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5
Q

What is hard water?

A

High levels of minerals, leaves spots, high in magnesium and calcium.

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6
Q

What is soft water?

A

Low in minerals, low levels in calcium and magnesium, often treated water, no buildup.

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7
Q

What is the thirst mechanism?

A

Detects concentrated blood and triggers your thirst.

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8
Q

What is the antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)?

A

Released by the pituitary gland, signals the kidneys to retain water, helps dilute the blood when it’s too concentrated.

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9
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

Released by the adrenal gland, signals kidneys to retain sodium, increases blood volume and pressure.

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10
Q

Activated when blood pressure drops, the renin from the kidneys triggers, angiotensin raises BP.

A

What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

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11
Q

What does aldosterone release cause?

A

Sodium and water retention.

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12
Q

What is atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

Released by the heart when BP and BV is high, promotes excretion of sodium and water.

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13
Q

What enhances iron absorption?

A

Vitamin C, meat, fish, poultry, cooking in cast iron pans.

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14
Q

What inhibits iron absorption?

A

Calcium, phytates, tannins, oxalates.

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15
Q

What enhances calcium absorption?

A

Vitamin D, stomach acid, lactose in infants.

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16
Q

What inhibits calcium absorption?

A

Phytates and oxalates, high phosphorus intake, low stomach acid.

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17
Q

What are dietary sources of iron?

A

Heme iron (better absorbed), non-heme iron (plant-based).

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18
Q

What has heme iron in it?

A

Red meat, poultry, fish, shellfish.

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19
Q

What has non-heme iron in it (plant-based)?

A

Beans and lentils, tofu, spinach, fortified cereals, grains.

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20
Q

What is the calcium DRI for women and men aged 19-50?

A

1000 mg/day.

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21
Q

What is the DRI of calcium for women 51+?

A

1200 mg/day.

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22
Q

What is the DRI for iron for women 51+?

A

8 mg/day.

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23
Q

What is the iron DRI for men 19+?

A

8 mg/day.

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24
Q

What is the iron DRI for women 19-50?

A

18 mg/day.

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25
Released by parathyroid gland, increases blood calcium, stimulates bone reabsorption, stimulates kidney reabsorption, activates vitamin D.
What is parathyroid hormone?
26
What is calcitriol (active vitamin D)?
Released by the kidneys, increases calcium absorption from the intestines.
27
What is calcitonin?
Released by the thyroid gland, lowers blood calcium, inhibits bone reabsorption.
28
What are the functions of calcium?
Bone and teeth structure, blood clotting and enzyme activation, muscle contraction, nerve transmission.
29
What are the functions of sodium (Na)?
Regulates fluid balance, helps with nerve impulse, muscle contractions, affects blood pressure.
30
What is the daily limit of sodium?
1 teaspoon of salt which is 2300 mg/day.
31
What are the functions of potassium?
Maintains fluid plus electrolyte balance, helps nerve and muscle function, affects blood pressure.
32
What is osteoporosis?
A condition where bones become weak and brittle.
33
What are the risk factors of osteoporosis?
Aging, low calcium and vitamin D, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, excessive alcohol, being underweight, family history.
34
How to avoid osteoporosis?
Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, weight-bearing exercise, avoid smoking and drinking, fall prevention.
35
What are the causes of iron toxicity?
Excessive iron supplements, accidental overdose, hemochromatosis.
36
What are the symptoms of iron toxicity?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dizziness and fatigue, organ damage - fatality.
37
What is hemochromatosis?
A genetic disorder causing the body to absorb too much iron from food.
38
What does hemochromatosis cause?
Build up in organs.
39
What does hemochromatosis cause?
Liver disease, heart problems, diabetes, arthritis, bronze/gray skin.
40
What is the treatment of hemochromatosis?
Phlebotomy, avoiding vitamin D supplements, a low iron diet.
41
What are the short-term effects of a calcium deficiency?
Muscle cramps, numbness and tingling in fingers, weak and brittle nails.
42
What are the long-term effects of a calcium deficiency?
Osteoporosis and osteopenia.
43
What are the effects of an iron deficiency?
Leads to anemia.
44
What is the most common deficiency in the world?
Iron deficiency.
45
What are the effects of an iodine deficiency?
Goiter and hypothyroidism.
46
What is iodine essential for?
Thyroid hormone production.
47
What is iodine needed for?
Needed for metabolism and growth.
48
Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in what?
Fat, not water.
49
Fat-soluble vitamins are carried through ______ via _______.
The lymphatic system via lipoproteins.
50
Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored?
The liver and fatty tissues.
51
Excretion of fat-soluble vitamins is ____.
Limited.
52
Excess fat-soluble vitamins can accumulate and become _____
Toxic.
53
What vitamins are needed less frequently than water-soluble vitamins?
Fat-soluble vitamins.
54
What are the sources of vitamin A?
Liver, eggs, dairy.
55
What is the function of vitamin A?
Vision, immune function, reproduction, cell differentiation.
56
What are the sources of vitamin A?
Liver, fish, dairy products, and orange or yellow fruits and vegetables.
57
What is the function of vitamin A?
Vision, immune function, reproduction, and cell differentiation.
58
What are the effects of vitamin A deficiency?
Night blindness, dry eyes, and impaired immunity.
59
What are the sources of vitamin D?
Fatty fish, sunlight, fortified milk, and egg yolks.
60
What is the function of vitamin D?
Regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption and supports bone health.
61
What are the effects of vitamin D deficiencies?
Rickets, osteomalacia, bone pain, and muscle weakness.
62
What are the sources of vitamin K?
Leafy greens and produced by gut bacteria.
63
What is the function of vitamin K in the body?
Blood clotting and bone metabolism.
64
What are the effects of vitamin K deficiencies?
Excessive bleeding and poor blood clotting.
65
What are the functions of vitamin E?
Antioxidant and protects cell membranes.
66
What are the effects of a vitamin E deficiency?
Nerve and muscle damage, and hemolytic anemia in preterm infants.
67
What factors affect vitamin D synthesis?
Age, skin color, sunscreen, climate, time of day, and shade.
68
What is the first step in the conversion to active vitamin D?
The sunlight or dietary vitamin D enters the body.
69
What is the second step in the conversion to active vitamin D?
The liver converts it to calcidol.
70
What is the third step in the conversion to active vitamin D?
The kidney converts calcidol to calcitriol.
71
Decreases calcium absorption in the intestines, stimulates calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, mobilizes calcium from bones when needed, and works with parathyroid hormone to maintain blood calcium levels.
What does calcitriol do?
72
Water soluble vitamins dissolve in what?
Water.
73
How do water soluble vitamins travel?
Freely in the bloodstream.
74
Water soluble vitamins are stored in ______?
Small amounts.
75
What is B1?
Thiamin.
76
What is a B1 thiamin deficiency?
Beriberi.
77
What is B3?
Niacin.
78
What deficiency is associated with B3 (niacin)?
Pellagra.
79
What is B6?
Pyridoxine.
80
What are the effects of a deficiency in B6 (Pyridoxine)?
Irritability, depression, confusion, anemia, and nerve damage.
81
What is B12?
Cobalamin.
82
What is a deficiency of B12 (cobalamin)?
Pernicious anemia.
83
What are symptoms of pernicious anemia caused by B12 deficiency?
Nerve damage, fatigue, and memory issues.
84
What is B9?
Folate.
85
What are the effects of a folate (B9) deficiency?
Neural tube defects in fetus, anemia, and poor growth.
86
What is ascorbic acid?
Vitamin C.
87
What are deficiencies associated with vitamin C (ascorbic acid)?
Scurvy, poor wound healing, and bruising.
88
What is the function of pantothenic acid?
Synthesis of lipids and synthesis of neurotransmitters.
89
What is the function of folate (B9)?
DNA synthesis.
90
What does DNA synthesis involve?
Cell division and fetal development.
91
Vitamin C is a ______?
Antioxidant.
92
What is the function of vitamin C?
Collagen formation, helps absorb iron, and immune function.
93
What is the function of B2 (riboflavin)?
It's a coenzyme in energy metabolism and supports skin and eye health.
94
What is the function of B3 (niacin)?
Energy production and supports skin and digestive health.
95
What is the function of B12?
Works with folate in DNA and red blood cell synthesis and maintains nerve functions.
96
What is the RDA of vitamin C?
75mg/day.
97
What is the RDA of folate (B9)?
400mg/day.
98
What does thiamin do?
Converts carbs into energy.
99
What does B2 (riboflavin) do?
Coenzymes in energy metabolism.
100
What does B3 (niacin) do?
Coenzyme in energy metabolism.
101
What is B5?
Pantothenic acid.
102
What does pantothenic acid do?
Essential in the TCA cycle.
103
What does B6 (pyridoxine) do?
Protein metabolism and glycogen breakdown.
104
What does folate do?
Supports DNA/RNA synthesis and red blood cell production.
105
Sources of B2 (riboflavin)?
Milk, eggs, leafy greens, and enriched grains.
106
B3 (niacin) sources?
Meat, poultry, fish, grains, and fortified cereals.
107
Folate (B9) sources?
Leafy greens, legumes, citrus fruits, and grains.
108
B12 (cobalamin) sources?
Any animal products.

Human Nutrition (1 decks)

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