Human organism

Question 1

Digestion in Mouth

Answer 1

Physical digestion: teeth
Chemical: salivary amylase (starch-maltose)
Oesophagus + peristalsis

Question 2

Digestion in Stomach

Answer 2

Hydrochloric acid + protease (enzyme digests proteins)
Physical digestion churns
Stomach lining is alkali

Question 3

Pancreas + Digestion

Answer 3

Enzymes: amylase, protease, lipases

Question 4

What is Bile

Answer 4

Made in Liver
Stored in gallbladder
Emulsifies lipids
Neutralised chyme

Question 5

Small Inteztine

Answer 5

Duodenum
Villi (Diffusion into blood, one cell thick)
Illeum
Villus link to hepatic portal vein (portal system that ends and begins with capillaries)

Question 6

Large intestine

Answer 6

Colon
Water absorption
Symbiotic bacteria
Egestion

Question 7

What is digestion

Answer 7

The physical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller particles to be absorbed into blood for energy

In alimentary canal (mouth-anus)

Question 8

Respiratory System before lungs

Answer 8

Nose+ mouth : moistens air
Epiglottis blocks
Larynx: voice box
Pharynx
Trachea:

Question 9

Respiratory System Lungs

Answer 9

Bronchi, bronchioli, alveoli
Gaseous exchange (oxy in, carbdi out)

Question 10

Breathing

Answer 10

ATP: Medulla Oblegata detects CO2 - causes intercostal muscles to contract = low pressure

Question 11

Excreation

Answer 11

To removal of metabolic waste, important for homeostasis
Kidney: control water content osmoregulation through urine (salt, water, urea)
Skin: sweating is temperature regulation (water,salts) through sweat ducts
Lungs: CO2 + salts

Question 12

Skeleton Functions

Answer 12

Support;

Movement: muscles attached by tendons, bones attached to bones by ligaments. Antagonist muscles have opposite functions

Protection: skull, rib age

Manufacture RBC/WBC/Platelets in bone
marrow- medullary cavity

Question 13

Types of Joints

Answer 13

Immovable: skull
Slightly:
Freely (hinge/ball and socket): knee:

Knee- synovial joint w/ cartilage, joint capsule, synovial fluid

Question 14

Types of Bone

Answer 14

Long part: diaphysis
Short: Epiphysis
Spongey bone: red bone marrow
Compact: collagen, inorganic calcium phosphate, strength
Periosteum: membrane , osteoplasts

Question 15

Formation of Blood

Answer 15

Plasma 55%: 90% water, antibodies, contains plasma proteins, transports nutrients and wastes

RBCs: Erythrocytes - no nucleus or mitochondria, biconcave shape, haemoglobin, made in bone marrow, transport oxygen

WBCs Leucocytes: large nucleus monocytes/lymphocytes, fight infection

Platelets: cell fragments, clot blood

Question 16

Blood Grouping

Answer 16

Antigens on surfaces of RBCs - A,B,AB,O
Rhesus Factor - positive/negative

Answer 17

Immunity: the body’s ability to resist inflection
PThogens: diseases causing organisms

Question 18

General defence system
Tools
Functions

Answer 18

General: prevents pathogen entry & not specific

Immunity: resistance to infection

Antibody: produced in response to an antigen

Skin: sebum in oil
Mucous: p traps pathogens, lysozyme brakes down bacteria cell walls, cilia lines airways
Beneficial bacteria: lactic acid, large intestine
HCL

Monocytes: phagocytes (engulfs and secretes enzymes onto bacteria)
Macrophages: vasodilation in inflammation

Question 19

Antigens

Answer 19

Antigens: molecules found on cell surface that identify them as foreign, stimulate antibody production, protein and carb based

Question 20

The heart
System circuit
Pulmonary circuit

Answer 20

Transport system, oxygen nutrients, removes waste, Closed system, capillaries-one cell thick
Heart: thorax, pericardium (protection) myocardium (cardiac muscle), septum,

Systemic Circuit (blood body heart): Oxy Blood enters through pulmonary vein into left atrium, through bicuspid valve into left ventricle which contracts and pumps through semi lunar valve to aorta.

Pulmonary circuit: Deoxy blood enters through vena cava into right atrium, tricuspid valve to right ventricle, exits through semilunar valves to pulmonary artery

Question 21

3 types of blood vessel

Answer 21

Artery: 3 layers (connective tissue, smooth muscle, endothelium), small lumen, thick walls, high pressure

Coronary arteries branch off aorta, coronary veins return into right atrium

Veins: valves for lower pressure
Capillary connects

Question 22

Cardiac Cycle

Answer 22

SA Node:
Diastole: blood flows through open valves, SA node in upper right atrium generates electrical impulse causing atria to contract the. Relax
AV node: (in septum) impulse to ventricle walls that contract (ventricular systole and blood is forced into arteries, bicuspid and tricuspid valves close. Semilunar valves close after ventricles relax

Question 23

Active and Passive Immunity

Answer 23

Active: antibodies and memory cells are produced to a particular antigen
-Natural: flu / Artifical: vacc

Passive: antibodies made by another organism are introduced
Breast milk/ vacc

Question 24

The Endocrine System

Answer 24

Hormone: chemical messenger, protein based, steroid (sex hormones)

Endocrine glands produce and secrete hormones

Secreted directly into blood - no ducts/tubes (unlike exocrine system)

Only interact with cells having correct receptor

Question 25

The pituitary gland

Answer 25

Controls activity of other glands Two lobes in base of skull, secrete hormones Oxytocin (uturus), ADH (kidneys), TSH (thyroid gland for thyroxine, FSH (stimulates sex cells), GH (bone growth)

Question 26

Hypothalamus Pineal Throid Gland Adrenal Gland

Answer 26

Produces ADH and secreted to Pitutal Gland PineL: controls circadian rhythms, melatonin Throid: neck, thyroxine metabolism (made when amino acid throwing combines with iodine) TSH stimulates thyroxine production (formed in pituitary gland) parathyroids releases calcium from bones and produces parathormone, Pancreas: produces insulin, islets of langerhans, lowers glucose Adrenal Glands: produce adrenaline, top of kidneys, fight or flight

Question 27

Pancreas

Answer 27

Dual-function gland Pancreas: produces insulin directly into blood, islets of langerhans, lowers glucose (endocrine function Pancreatic Duct: enzymes released into pancreatic duct (exocrine function)

Question 28

Hormonal postive/Negative Feedback Mechanism

Answer 28

Positive: stimulus increase and the response (oxytocin secreted) Negative: The level of one hormone stimulates/stops the production of another Thyroxine Low= pituitary gland produce TSH, which stimulates production of thyroxine, and then inhibit TSH production Myxeodema/goitre - graves disease

Question 29

Thermoregulation

Answer 29

Detected by Hypothalamus (homeostasis) in brain Stimulates pituitary gland to produce TSH Throxine secretion increase in thyroid gland, metabolic rate increases and more heat is produced

Question 30

Receptors

Answer 30

Receptors (detect stimulus external/internal)- specialised cells eg. Nose, skin transmission of impulses to CNS (brain and spinal chord) (Peripheral is nerves) Thalamus: to sorted/integrated, response - gland/muscles (Effectors)

Question 31

Sensory Neurons

Answer 31

Send electrical impulses towards CNS Receptor Cells- impulse passed to dendrite to pawed cell body (contains nucleus), impulse travels down the axon to axon terminal (neurotransmitter) Schwann Cell: makes myelin sheath: electrical insulator Gaps: nodes of ranvier (sped up impulse)

Question 32

Motor Neuron

Answer 32

Away from CNS to effector Cell body on top of neurons, small dendrite, long axon

Question 33

Interneuron

Answer 33

CNS only Transfer to other neutron No myelin sheath

Question 34

All of Nothing Law and Threshold

Answer 34

Threshold: minimum stimulus required for an impulse to be carried Transmissimo of impulse: movement of ions (sodium and potassium) Site of simulation: neutron membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions

Question 35

Synapse

Answer 35

The region where two neutrons come into close contact: neurotransmitter swellings with dendrites of other neuron Pre/prosynaptic neuron: synaptic cleft (neurotransmitter chemicals eg. Dopamine secreted through vesicles) into synaptic cleft Diffuse across synaptic cleft and connect with receptors on the post synaptic neuron Neurotransmitter chemicals are broken down by enzymes

Question 36

The Brain

Answer 36

Protected by Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid between to protect Cerebral hemispheres Cerebrum: intelligence, language, movement Thalamus: sorting impulses to correct part Hypothalamus: homeostasis Cerebellum: balance Medulla Oblongata: involuntary actions Pituitary Gland: endrocrine system

Question 37

Spinal Chord

Answer 37

Central Canal has cerebrospinal fluid White: axons only Grey: cell bodies, dendrites Dorsal root: sensory neurons enter (swelling with ganglion full of cell bodies)

Question 38

Dendrites Axon Cell body

Answer 38

Dendrites: receives the impulse and passes it toward cell body Axon: carries impulse away from cell body Cell body: makes neurotransmitter chemicals and passes the impulse to an axon

Question 39

Reflex Action and Arc

Answer 39

For protection - automatic involuntary response to a stimulus 1. Receptor detects stimulus and impulse enters spinal chord via dorsal root, carried by sensory neutron 2. Impulse gets passed to interneuron (also to brain) to motor neuron, which exists via ventral root to an effector (muscle)

Question 40

Female Egg formation and ovaries

Answer 40

Produced by meiosis in ovaries (graphian follical) - oocyte Puberty: immature egg (oocyte) divides by meiosis to form female haploid egg (gamete) Ovaries: produce oestrogen & progesterone

Question 41

The uterus

Answer 41

Cilia move egg Endometrium sheds

Question 42

Sperm Production

Answer 42

Produced in seminiferous tubules, diploid cells undergo meiosis Epididymis mature Seminal vesicles produce seminal fluid for semen Head- nucleus Across,e- dissolve egg coating

Question 43

Menstrul Cycle hormomes

Answer 43

Follicle Stimulating Hormone: FSH stimulates follicle to form granfian follicale Oestrogen: (produced by grafia follicle)rebuilds endometrium, inhibits FSH, stimulate LH in pituitary gland Lutenising Hormone: ovulation, release of egg from surge Progesterone: secreted by corpus luteum(remains of graafian follicle after ovulation) cause’s endometrium to build further, progesterone levels drop if corpus luteum breaks down

Question 44

Menstruation Days

Answer 44

1-5: endometrium breaks down, drop in progesterone, FSH not inhibited 5-14: FSH makes follicles develop and secretes oestrogen (inhibits FSH) 14: surge in LH 14-26: Increasing progesterone and oestrogen, inhibits FSH and LH 26-28: Corpus Luteum degenerates

Question 45

Kidney formation

Answer 45

Enters renal artery, leaves renal vein Ureter to bladder to urethra Kidneys. Filters waste from blood Nephron: by the medulla and cortex Filtration: water, glucose, then selective reabosprtion ADH: hypothalamus, secreted by pituitary gland

Question 46

B cells

Answer 46

B cells: (B lymphocytes)made and mature red bone marrow, lymph nodes, have specific antigen, recognise specific antigens and produce antibodies to the particle antigen Memory B cells: remember the antigen and produces plasma cells for that Plasma cells: produce specific antibody

Question 47

T cells

Answer 47

T Cells: antigen receptors, made in bone marrow, mature in thymus gland, helper (activate B cells and Killr T) killer T (kill infected cells, secrete perforin puncturing the cell) and suppressor (switch off immune response)