HUMAN ORGANISM: CHAPTER 1

Question 1

It is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body—for example, the parts and chambers of the heart.

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

Anatomy means to:

Answer 2

dissect, cut or apart, separate

Question 3

It is the study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems.

Answer 3

Systemic anatomy

Question 4

It is the study of the organization of the body by areas. Within each region, such as the head, abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously. This is the approach taken in many medical and dental schools.

Answer 4

Regional anatomy

Question 5

It is the study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures.

Answer 5

Surface anatomy

Question 6

It involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures, such as when determining if a bone is broken or a ligament is torn.

Answer 6

Anatomical imaging

Question 7

It is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things

Answer 7

physiology

Question 8

It focuses on processes inside cells such as the manufacturing of substances, including proteins,

Answer 8

cell physio

Question 9

the study of humans. Like anatomy, physiology can be studied at multiple levels.

Answer 9

Human physiology

Question 10

focuses on the functions of organ systems.

Answer 10

systemic physiology

Question 11

The body can be studied at six structural levels:

Answer 11

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism

Question 12

This involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.

Answer 12

Chemical level

Question 13

They are the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals.

Answer 13

Cells

Question 14

Most cells contain smaller structures inside them, called:

Answer 14

organelles

Question 15

They carry out particular functions, such as digestion and movement, for the cell.

Answer 15

Organelles

Question 16

It is a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them.

Answer 16

Tissue

Question 17

four primary types of tissues:

Answer 17

epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

Question 18

a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function

Answer 18

Organ

Question 19

It is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions.

Answer 19

Organ system

Question 20

What are the 11 major organ systems?

Answer 20

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.

Question 21

It is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.

Answer 21

organism

Question 22

It is a network of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another.

Answer 22

Human organism

Question 23

It refers to the specific interrelationships among the individual parts of an organism, and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.

Answer 23

Organization

Question 24

It is the ability to use energy to perform other vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction. Human cells possess specialized proteins that can break down food molecules to use as a source of energy.

Answer 24

Metabolism

Question 25

It is an organism’s ability to sense changes in the external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.

Answer 25

Responsiveness

Question 26

It refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement in all or part of an organism, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells.

Answer 26

Growth

Question 27

It includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death.

Answer 27

development

Question 28

It involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state.

Answer 28

Differentiation

Question 29

It is the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.

Answer 29

homeostasis

Question 30

To achieve homeostasis, the body must:

Answer 30

actively regulate body conditions that are constantly changing.

Question 31

Body temp is a :

Answer 31

variable because it is not always constant

Question 32

Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by the:

Answer 32

nervous system or the endocrine system

Question 33

Homeostatic mechanisms are not able to maintain:

Answer 33

body temp precisely at the set point explanation:

Question 34

It is the maintenance of a variable around an ideal normal value, or set point.

Answer 34

Homeostasis

Question 35

tO DECREASE

Answer 35

negative

Question 36

It is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.

Answer 36

Negative feedback

Question 37

Negative feedback does not:

Answer 37

prevent variation but

Question 38

3 Components of negative feedback mechanisms

Answer 38

receptor, control center and effector

Question 39

It monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature, by detecting stimuli

Answer 39

receptor

Question 40

which determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable; such as part of the brain

Answer 40

control center

Question 41

It can adjust the value of the variable when directed by the control center, usually back toward the set point. such as the sweat glands,

Answer 41

effector

Question 42

A changed variable is a

Answer 42

stimulus

Question 43

A changed variable is a stimulus because it?

Answer 43

it initiates a homestatic mechniasm

Question 44

This occurs when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater

Answer 44

Positive feedback mechanisms

Question 45

It refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward

Answer 45

Anatomical Position

Question 46

term: inferior

Answer 46

below

Question 46

term: superior

Answer 46

above

Question 46

term: anterior

Answer 46

front

Question 47

Supine

Answer 47

Lying face upward

Question 48

Prone

Answer 48

Lying face downward

Question 48

term: posterior

Answer 48

behind

Question 49

term: ventral

Answer 49

toward the belly

Question 50

term: proximal

Answer 50

closer to a point of attachment

Question 50

term: lateral

Answer 50

away from the midline of the body

Question 50

term: distal

Answer 50

farther froma point of attachment

Question 51

term: medial

Answer 51

toward the middle or midline of the body

Question 52

term: superficial

Answer 52

toward or on the surface

Question 53

term: deep

Answer 53

away from the surface, internal

Question 54

distal

Answer 54

far from

Question 55

meaning: proximal

Answer 55

close to

Question 56

meaning: medial

Answer 56

toward the midline

Question 57

meaning: lateral

Answer 57

away from the midline

Question 58

meaning: superficial

Answer 58

structure close to the surface of the body

Question 59

trunk is divided into 3 sections:

Answer 59

thorax, abnomen, pelvis

Question 60

chest cavity where the heart and lungs are located.

Answer 60

thorax

Question 60

contains the bladder and reproductuve orgrans

Answer 60

pelvis

Question 60

the upper limb is divided into 4 sections:

Answer 60

arm,forearm,wrist and the hand

Question 60

central region of the body consists:

Answer 60

head,neck,trunk

Question 60

contains organs such as liver, stomach, intestines

Answer 60

abnomen

Question 60

extends from elbow to wrist

Answer 60

forearm

Question 61

lower limb is divided into 4 parts:

Answer 61

thigh, leg, ankle and the foot

Question 62

entends from hip to knee

Answer 62

thigh

Question 62

extends from the knee to the ankle

Answer 62

leg

Question 62

It divides, or sections the body making it possible to "look inside" and observe the body's structures

Answer 62

planes

Question 63

separates the body or a structure into right and left halves

Answer 63

sagittal plane

Question 64

“the flight of an arrow”

Answer 64

sagittal

Question 65

It is a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.

Answer 65

Median plane

Question 66

It runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.

Answer 66

A transverse (horizontal) plane

Question 67

divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves.

Answer 67

frontal (coronal) plane

Question 68

It is a cut along the length of the organ, similar to the cut along a hot dog bun.

Answer 68

longitudinal section

Question 69

AKA cross section, cuts completely through an organ, similar to cutting a hot dog or banana into round pieces.

Answer 69

transverse section

Question 70

If a cut is made diagonally across the long axis, it is called an:

Answer 70

Oblique section

Question 71

The body contains two types of internal cavities:

Answer 71

the dorsal body cavity and (2) the ventral body cavity

Question 72

It encloses the organs of the nervous system, the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 72

dorsal body

Question 73

two subdivisions of the dorsal body

Answer 73

cranial activity and vertebral canal

Question 74

cranial activity houses the: b

Answer 74

brain

Question 75

vertebral canal houses the:

Answer 75

spinal cord

Question 76

both brain and spinal cord are covered by membranes called:

Answer 76

meninges

Question 77

The ventral body cavity houses the vast majority of our internal organs, collectively referred to as the:

Answer 77

Viscera

Question 78

The ventral body cavity also has two major subdivisions, which are

Answer 78

the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

Question 79

It is more superior to the abdominopelvic cavity and houses primarily the heart and lungs, among other organs.

Answer 79

thoraic cavity

Question 80

This thoracic cavity is further subdivided into sections:

Answer 80

two lateral pleural cavities, medial medistinun

Question 81

two lateral pleural cavities encloses a:

Answer 81

lung

Question 82

a medial mediastinum houses a:

Answer 82

heart and its major blood vessels, in addition to the thymus, the trachea, and the esophagus.

Question 83

It is enclosed by abdominal muscles

Answer 83

The Abdominopelvic Cavity

Question 84

The organs of the abdominopelvic cavity are housed within the:

Answer 84

peritoneal cavity

Question 85

The abdominopelvic cavity is enclosed by abdominal muscles and consists of:

Answer 85

1. the more superior abdominal cavity 2. the more inferior pelvic cavity

Question 86

The abdominal cavity contains the majority of the digestive organs, such as:

Answer 86

the stomach, the intestines, and the liver, in addition to the spleen.

Question 87

The pelvic cavity continues below the pelvis and contains the:

Answer 87

urinary bladder, urethra, rectum of the large intestine, and reproductive organs.

Question 88

The walls of the body cavities and the surface of internal organs are in contact with membranes called

Answer 88

serous membranes

Question 89

serous membranes are double layered. The layer that lines the walls of the cavities is called:

Answer 89

Parietal serous membrane

Question 90

The layer covering the internal organs (the viscera) is the:

Answer 90

visceral serous membrane