Human Osteology Quiz 1 Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
How many bones are in the skeletal system?
A
206 bones
2
Q
cranial anatomy
A
head
3
Q
postcranial anatomy
A
everything else below the head
4
Q
axial skeleton
A
skull, vertebrae, ribs, back, chest, about 80 bones within the central core of the body
5
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
everything that attaches to the axial, shoulders, legs, hands, forearms, 126 bones
6
Q
Frankfort plane
A
line that goes right under eyes and over ears directly back, splits skull in two
7
Q
saggiato (midsaggital)
A
cuts you down the middle between genitals
8
Q
front (coronal)
A
cuts down through arms and splits open back to front
9
Q
transverse (horizontal)
A
cuts you across and through the stomach
10
Q
oblique
A
a cut that is through the body at any angle other than horizontal or vertical
11
Q
superior/cranial
A
top
12
Q
inferior/caudal
A
underneath
13
Q
anterior/ventral
A
the front
14
Q
posterior/dorsal
A
the back/behind
15
Q
medial
A
towards the middle line (big toe, towards the middle of the body)
16
Q
lateral
A
outwards (pinky toe)
17
Q
proximal
A
upper part of the bone
18
Q
distal
A
lower part of the bone
19
Q
standard anatomical postion
A
standing, feet together, facing forward, palm of hands facing forward, no bones crossed
20
Q
supine
A
palms anterior (taking eucharist)
21
Q
pronate
A
palm posterior (typing)
22
Q
flexion
A
bending movement (fist)
23
Q
extension
A
a straightening movement (hands extended, or arms dorsal or swinging back)
24
Q
abduction
A
movement away from the saggital plane (raising the arm to the side like Jesus)
25
adduction
movement towards the saggital plane (bring arm down to slap the side of the thigh)
26
circumduction
rotation of the arm to wave a car forward or in sports an arm rotation or leg rotation
27
rotation
motion that occurs as one body part turns on a axis (head rotating)
28
opposition
motion in which body parts are brought together (thumb and finger tips allows us to grasp small objects)
29
pronation
rotary of the forearm that turns the palm from anteriorly facing (thumbs lateral) to posteriorly facing (thumbs medial) (typing)
30
supination
rotary motion of the forearm that returns the palm to anterior facing position thumbs lateral (begging for food)
31
dorsiflexion
flexion of the anterior portion of the foot away from the ground (walking on heels)
32
plantarflexion
flexing of the anterior portion of the foot inferiorly toward the ground at the ankle (walling on toes like a ballerina)
33
eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward so that it faces away from the midline of the body
34
inversion
turning the sole of the foot inwards so that it faces toward the midline of the body
35
function of the skeleton
support organs, protect organs, movement, storage (bone marrow, blood and fat)
36
long bones
arms and legs
37
short bones
metacarpals (bones in hand), phalanges (finger bones), metatarsals (bones in foot)
38
flat and tabular bones
ribs, skull, scapula, pelvis, sternum
39
irregular bones
vertebrae, carpals, tarsals
40
structural bone component external
external bone solid, dense bone (cortical compact)
41
structural bone component internal
internal bone porous light-weight bone, trabecular, spongy, cancellous (when cut open)
42
medullary cavity
opening to hold yellow marrow, fatty storage within the bone)
43
epiphysis
on both ends they fuse to the long portion of the bone
44
diaphysis
the long portion of the bone
45
metaphysis
ends of the bone that fuse together with the epiphysis
46
periosteum
thin, fibrous layer of tissue that is on the outside of the bone
47
endosteum
thin tissue like material on the inside of the bone
48
metaphyseal growth plate
when note fused allows bones to grow until age of development, then will go away)
49
bones maintain homeostasis through 2 cell types
osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocytes
50
osteoblast
born forming cell (creates new bone)
51
osteoclast
break down/absorb the bone
52
osteocytes
mature bone cell (mid point)
53
what maintains the bone tissue?
the equilibrium between osteoblasts and the osteoclasts
54
collagen
protein molecule, 90% of the bone's organic material, flexible, elastic fibers
55
hydroxyapatite
inorganic, mineral hardness and rigidity
56
histology
the study of tissues at a microscopic level
57
synovial joints
hyaline cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule
58
ball and socket joint of spheroidal
femoral head into the acetabulum of the hip
59
hinge joint
hinge like movement in one direction, elbow or knee
60
saddle-shape or stellar joint
movement in two directions, base of thumb
61
planar joint
two bones sliding across one another, wrist and arch of the foot
62
cartilaginous (synchondroses)
bones are connected by cartilage, minimal movement, ribs and sternum
63
syndesmoses
tight fibrous bands, lower leg bones, tibia and fibula, cranial sutures
64
gomphosis
fibrous peg and socket, joint between the tooth root and the bone of the jaw (alveolar bone)
65
living tissue
blood vessels, nerves, collagen, osteoblasts and osteoclasts
66
mature cells (dormant)
osteocytes, waiting for the osteoclast to come and break it apart
67
bone matrix (osteoid)
collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite
68
collagen fibers
tensile strength and stretching capability
69
hydroxyapatite
compressional forces, squeezing, can absorb pressure but can't be twisted
70
intramembranous bones
involved the replacement of sheet-like connective tissue membranes with bony tissue, osteoblasts migrate to the members, deposit bony matrix around themselves.
71
intramembranous ossification
the skull, jaw, and collarbone need to ossify fast!
72
endochondral ossification
everything else doesn't ossify fast so kids bounce and don't break
73
endochondral bones
involved the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue, most bones form this way. Look up more on notes!
74
bone growth elongation
epiphyseal/metaphysical growth plates, plates expand and form new cells, increase in shaft length, complete around 25-30
75
bone growth diameter
appositional growth, osteoclasts remove bone from endoseal surface, osteoblasts deposit bone on periostea surface, deposition (absorption) bone mass remains the same
76
factors that affect bone growth
nutrition (calcium, vitamin A and C), sunlight, hormonal secretion, ovaries and testes, Estrogen inhibits bone osteoclasts activity (preserves bone density) testosterone promotes muscle mass (osteoblast activity), physical exercise
77
Osteopenia/osteoporosis
osteoblasts activity is below normal, menopausal women, 75 = 1/3 skeletal mass lost, caused by lack of exercise poor diet and lack of hormones
78
males taller than females
females begin earlier max velocity around 12 until 18. Males begin later max velocity around 14 until 20
79
NAGPRA, Native American graves protection and repatriation act
November 16, 1990. Requires institutions who receive federal funding to return cultural items to lineal descendants/culturally affiliated tribes, skeleton remains, sacred objects, funerary objects, other cultural objects
80
planning projects
what supplies are needed, obtain necessary permitting, who to call if skeletal remains are found, where to store skeletons on the field and off the field
81
excavation, three important questions
is it human? what is the MNI (minimum number of individuals), what is the context (forensic, historic, prehistoric), procedures for excavation and storage
82
other ethical considerations: respecting the dead
communication and involvement with the descendent community, using gloves, using markers to label only, appropriate use of adhesive, proper storage when not in use, destructive analysis
83
preservation for future generations
aDNA, isotope analysis, photography, recording practices, etc., minimally invasive sample methods
84
Lamellar bone
bone rings
85
Haversian canal
where the blood vessels and nerves run through
86
lacunae
the pocket that holds the osteocyte
