Human Performance Flashcards

Question

2 significant named blood vessels

Answer 1

Dorsal aorta: Oxygenated blood from heart to the body, runs along the spin (thus dorsal) Vena cava: Vein returning from body to the heart

Answer 2

Provide blood supply to the heart itself. Blockages in these is the principal cause of heart disease.

Answer 3

Amount of blood pumped by left ventricle per minute (stroke volume * heart rate). Typical 5 to 5.5 litres per minute

Answer 4

High blood pressure (above 140/90, either number being high) Can lead to heart attack. Caused by lifestyle factors. Can fly with appropriate medicaction.

Answer 5

Low blood pressure Likely to disqualify from flying due to higher chance of fainting.

Answer 6

Some dissolved in blood, but mostly in combination with water as carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Answer 7

Acidity of blood aids absorption of oxygen

Answer 8

Pain in the chest and arms resulting from lack of oxygen reaching heart muscles, due to exercise or stress. Gradual reduction of blood flow through coronary arteries, unlike heart attack which is a sudden blockage.

Answer 9

Fatty layer building up in coronary arteries. Bits breaking off can form blood clots, blocking the coronary artery. Caused in part by lifestyle factors.

Answer 10

Heart attack Total blockage of a coronary artery leading to death of the heart muscle or a part of it.

Answer 11

Abnormal heart rhythm following heart attack, failure of electrical impulses to control heart beat.

Answer 12

A type of cardiac arrest that can be corrected with a defibrillator. Heart massage can keep patient alive for up to 4 minutes before defibrillator arrives.

Answer 13

i) Family history ii) Age iii) Previous history iv) Hypertension Then smoking, raised cholesterol, lack of exercise, diabetes.

Answer 14

i) Gas exchange ii) Immune defence (infection entering lungs) iii) Talking iv) Release of chemicals, proteins & enzymes

Answer 15

i) Headache, tight forehead, dizziness, nausea ii) Impaired vision iii) Lethargy/weakness iv) Impaired judgement & memory v) Personality change Then weak pulse/breathing/muscles, flushed cheeks & cherry red lips. [Can be described as "flu like"]

Answer 16

Altitude Smoking Age Obesity General health

Answer 17

Systolic pressure / Diastolic pressure Diastolic is permanent arterial pressure, systolic is pressure when heart contracts. 120/80 typical Measured in mm of mercury (mm Hg)

Answer 18

Stress Smoking Dietary factors (e.g. salt) Age Obesity Lack of exercise Narrowing/hardening of arteries

Answer 19

External (breathing) Internal (exchange of gases in lungs or organs) Cellular (oxygen being used by cells to create energy)

Answer 20

In wall of carotid sinus of neck, detect blood pressure and increase/decrease heart rate to maintain homeostasis.

Answer 21

CO2 levels (carbonic acid)

Answer 22

Trachea - reinforced with cartilage Bronchi - 2 of them split to each lung Alveoli - Tiny sacks where gas exchange occurs

Answer 23

Tidal - Normal breath volume (500ml) Inspiratory reserve - Extra inhalation possible on top of normal breath (3000ml) Expiratory reserve - Extra exhalation after normal breath (1100ml) Residual volume - Air in lungs that can't be forced out (1200ml) Females 20-25% less

Answer 24

10-15 per minute

Answer 25

At rest 20k feet: 30 mins [5 mins mod. activity] 30k feet: 90 secs 35k feet: 60 secs 40k feet: 20 secs

Answer 26

75% of MSL @ 8000 ft 50% of MSL @ 18000 ft 25% of MSL @ 36000ft

Answer 27

Nitrogen: 78% Oxygen: 21% Other: 1% (only 0.03% CO2)

Answer 28

Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli (not in the atmosphere). Alveoli air has much more water vapour and CO2 and less oxygen than external air.

Answer 29

MSL: 103 mm Hg (14%) Minimum level: 55mm Hg

Answer 30

At 10,000ft partial pressure of oxygen reaches 55mm Hg, so need oxygen to reach 103mm Hg (MSL equiv.) At 33,700ft 100% oxygen needed for 103mm Hg. At 40,000ft 100% oxygen only achieves 55mm Hg so need pressurised oxygen.

Answer 31

MSL: 97% 10,000ft: 87% 20,000ft: 65% [So around 87% is equivalent to 55 mm Hg, our minimum level]

Answer 32

Hypoxic hypoxia (insufficient oxygen coming into body) Anaemic hypoxia (inability of blood to carry oxygen) Histotoxic (or histoxic) hypoxia (cellular inability to absorb oxygen, typically caused by drug use)

Answer 33

i) Euphoria, aggression, lack of inhibitions ii) Impaired judgement & memory iii) Headache iv) Tingling in hands and feet v) Hyperventilation vi) Muscular impairment vii) Visual sensory loss viii) Tunnel vision ix) Cyanosis x) Formication (ants crawling over skin)

Answer 34

[5000ft: night vision affected] 7000ft: Reaction Threshold: Performance of complex tasks impaired, increasing breathing & HR 10-12000ft: Disturbance Threshold: Cardiovascular defence mechanisms, impaired judgement, memory, alertness. Drowsiness 22000ft: Critical Threshold: Quick deterioration of mental performance, rapid onset of dizziness/confusion and total loss of consciousness.

Answer 35

Caused by FALL in CO2 due to exhaling more of it than we produce (more exhalation than inhalation), increased ALKALINITY. Fall in CO2 triggers increase in breathing rate. Can be confused with hypoxia which is more serious to treat, more likely explanation at unpressurised high altitude. Treat by blowing into paper bag, slowing breathing.

Answer 36

Asthma does NOT cause hyperventilation Air sickness CAN cause hyperventilation! Exercise CAN cause hyperventilation (look out for PHYSICAL NEED - might be wrong)!

Answer 37

Dizziness (EARLY SYMPTOM) Tingling (extremities & lips) Visual disturbances Hot & cold sensations Anxiety Loss of coordination Increased HR Muscle spasm Loss of consciousness NOT cyanosis

Answer 38

Can create 5,000ft pressure difference

Answer 39

12 hours down to 10m 24 hours beyond 10m [BGS: not within 24 hours?]

Answer 40

Pain in joints (bends) Skin (creeps) Shortness of breath (chokes) Loss of mental function (staggers) Secondary: Post descent collapse

Answer 41

Age Obesity

Answer 42

Gases trapped in your body (e.g. stomach, inner ear, tooth cavity) causing issues during descent or ascent (depending on the area).

Answer 43

Pain caused by expansion of pressure (barotrauma) in eustachian tubes

Answer 44

Not the same as otic, relates to air in the sinus cavities. Can cause pain in ascent or descent, although more common in descent.

Answer 45

Barotrauma of the teeth Pain in the ASCENT, not descent

Answer 46

Cornea - transparent cap, solid shape Iris - Coloured area in front of lens Pupil - Gap in middle of iris allowing light through, changes size to control light. Lens - Transparent, muscles control its shape to focus light Retina - Back of the eye, covered in light sensitive cells Optic nerve

Answer 47

Cornea refracts more light than the lens, lens just has the variability.

Answer 48

Yes, need medical approval obviously

Answer 49

Close work (up to 2m) uses binocular vision. Further away monocular vision is acceptable and use other clues for distance perception.

Answer 50

Cones: Foveal vision, concentrated in central area of retina, colour sensitive and best in daylight. Rods: Peripheral vision, further from foveal region, not colour sensitive but work well in the dark and detect movement well.

Answer 51

Scotopic - rods Photopic - cones Mesopic - both

Answer 52

You can see at 20 feet what a normal person can see at 20 feet (or 6/6 for metres). 20/10 is better, 30/20 is worse.

Answer 53

Small print from 30cm

Answer 54

Illusion of movement when you stare at a static light in darkness.

Answer 55

A sloping layer of cloud can be taken as a false horizon leading to adopting a non level attitude

Answer 56

Could come up in exam, refers to things like missed radio calls

Answer 57

Short sightedness Lens is too convex (can't flatten enough) so light from far away is bent too much and focuses in front of the retina Concave glass lens to correct

Answer 58

Long sightedness Lens is not convex enough so light from close up can't be redirected enough to focus on retina (focus point behind retina) Convex glass lens to correct

Answer 59

Myopia - in front of the retina Hypermetropia - behind the retina

Answer 60

Long sightedness that is common in 40s and beyond.

Answer 61

Deterioration in hearing due to age (high tones lost first)

Answer 62

Curvature of cornea or lens is not perfectly round leading to uneven refraction and distorted images.

Answer 63

High pressure in the eye (10-20 mm Hg normal range). Symptoms are blurred vision, light sensitivity, red discolouration and eventually pain.

Answer 64

The ability to focus on near and far objects

Answer 65

30 minutes (and 10 seconds)

Answer 66

1100m - 5% 2800m - 18% 4000m - 35% 5000m - 50%

Answer 67

Makes objects appear lower than they are (so aircraft appear higher) leading to a low approach.

Answer 68

10 degrees off centre

Answer 69

Black hole effect. Illusion of being too high. Pilot is likely to descend early leading to a low approach (landing short)

Answer 70

1-2 metres

Answer 71

Clouding of the lens Surgery removes lens entirely (can no longer accomodate)

Answer 72

High energy blue light (retina) Ultraviolet light (retina, lens & cataracts)

Answer 73

Eye doesn't move smoothly but in a series of jerky movements of 1/3 second called saccades. Visual cortex puts these together to create apparent smoothness.

Answer 74

Movements of 10 degrees Observe each area for 2 seconds to allow movement to be sensed

Answer 75

External ear: Pinna or Auricle, gathers sound signals Outer canal: Pressure waves pass through Eardrum (or tympanic membrane): Vibrates in harmony with pressure waves

Answer 76

Ossicles: 3 small bones, forced by eardrum, convert pressure wave energy to mechanical energy. Eustachian tube: Connects middle ear to nasal passages to allow pressure to match ambient pressure

Answer 77

Cochlea: Shell shaped part, converts mechanical energy of ossicles to electrical signals Vestibular Apparatus: Contain fluid and small hairs that detect gravity and acceleration.

Answer 78

Cerebellum

Answer 79

Otolith refers to the chalk granules. Otolith organs are the Saccule which contains the Macula (sac/mac) which detects acceleration and gravity (thus also tilting of the head). Sit in the vestibule, not in the semi-circular canals.

Answer 80

Utricle at the base of the semi-circular canals contains cupulas, which detect the angular rotation. [U as in cup, think of cup tipping over and rotating]

Answer 81

Air being trapped in the middle ear

Answer 82

Failure of the conductive functions, i.e. failure of sounds to be transferred to the inner ear. NOT noise induced hearing loss. Can include blockage in OUTER ear canal, damage to eardrum, infection affecting ossicles. But NOT auditory nerve damage (since sound would still have been conducted to the inner ear).

Answer 83

Can affect the sensitive hair cells in the cochlea

Answer 84

Hearing: 20Hz to 20,000Hz Voices: 500Hz to 3,000Hz

Answer 85

The level at which you become sensitive to stimulus. Raising the sensory threshold reduces sensitivity.

Answer 86

Mistaken sense of direction or acceleration caused by vestibular apparatus. Caused by moving your head during a turn.

Answer 87

In a steady turn (3 deg/sec) a sudden movement of the head will be detected as a change in rate of turn

Answer 88

AKA the leans, the sense that you are turning when you recover to level attitude from a gentle sustained turn in the other direction.

Answer 89

Impression of climbing/descending due to acceleration/deceleration

Answer 90

Similar to somatogravic illusion, involves the muscles of the body detecting acceleration/deceleration as climb/descent respectively. Combines with somatogravic illusion to be very convincing.

Answer 91

Visual versions of somatogyral and somatogravic illusions. Apparent movement of objects across vision that confirms the somato. illusions.

Answer 92

Feeling of rotation when there is none, or vice versa. - Disease - Acceleration - Sudden pressure changes in ear (blowing nose) - Flicker vertigo from flashing lights - Pressure vertigo from blocked eustachian tubes

Answer 93

Dizziness or tumbling sensation caused by conflicting signals to CNS. Can be caused by flickering light or ear infection causing mismatches between sensory and visual information.

Answer 94

- Miss-matching signals between ears and eyes - Overstimulated inner ear due to turbulence or manoeuvres - Psychological factors

Answer 95

Hyperventilation Salivation

Answer 96

Blood: 24 hours Bone marrow: 48 hours

Answer 97

Local - 12 hours General - 48 hours

Answer 98

If in hospital for over 12 hours, require CAA or AME input before flying.

Answer 99

At least 8 hours always Potential remaining after 30 hours 1 unit processed in 1 hour Rate of processing alcohol CANNOT be sped up!

Answer 100

0.01% 15mg per 100ml

Answer 101

21-28 units men (30 units damaging) 14-21 units women (20 units damaging)

Answer 102

200-250mg (2-3 cups of coffee)

Answer 103

Blood: 20 milligrams per 100ml [0.2 promille] Urine: 27 milligrams per 100ml

Answer 104

Must carry spare pair when flying

Answer 105

Been worn constantly and successfully for 8 hours a day for at least a month. Requires medical certificate endorsement from AME. Still need spare pair of glasses. Only for NEAR sightedness (need to be able to read instruments)

Answer 106

Not allowed. Need to wear half glasses instead. Can have bifocals for emergency use.

Answer 107

Then appear to be closer than they really are.

Answer 108

Stress is caused by our perceived abilities compared to perceived demands. It leads to a psychological response FIRST which causes a physiological response, which feeds into performance, which then feeds back into our perceived abilities and demands.

Answer 109

Low level of arousal associated with fatigue, sleep deprivation -> poor performance. High level of arousal is fear, panic -> poor performance. Optimal arousal is slightly on the low side of the peak performance - to enable response to unexpected events.

Answer 110

Complex tasks get peak performance with lower level of arousal than simple tasks. High arousal narrows the span of attention, reducing ability to deal with complex tasks.

Answer 111

The mechanism by which we react to a real, perceived or anticipated threat.

Answer 112

Sympathetic branch - Prepares body for physical action (fight or flight) Parasympathetic branch - Prolongs body's mobilisation and restores normal function when danger has passed

Answer 113

Alarm: Adrenaline and glucose released Resistance: Cortisol released (converts fat to sugar to maintain performance, memory enhanced) Exhaustion: Waste products of first two phases can result in exhaustion in part or all of body, potentially death

Answer 114

Heat, cold, vibration, turbulence, noise, discomfort, illness, eye strain, flashing lights, concentration, lack of sleep, acceleration, radiation, ...

Answer 115

Action coping (do something about the stressor) Cognitive coping (dealing with stress mentally) Symptom directed coping (e.g. using drugs)

Answer 116

Typical cockpit: 75-80db Wear ear protection: 80db Industry limit: 85db continuous NIHL: 85db prolonged Excess stress: 90db

Answer 117

Produced by the brain to aid sleep. Is used as a supplement but not approved for pilots. Obtain EXPERT AERO-MEDICAL ADVICE before administering. Don't fly within 12 hours.

Answer 118

Clue or reminder as to the true time of day (e.g. daily events, sunrise, sunset).

Answer 119

Longer than 24 hours, around 25 hours.

Answer 120

Worse travelling East This is because days are shortened and the 25 hour body cycle exaggerates the jet lag by another hour. Travelling west the 25 hour body cycle reduces the initial effect and brings you back into rhythm quickly.

Answer 121

AKA skills, actions that at one point required full attention but over time can be carried out more automatically. In practice need to be MONITORED CONTINUOUSLY as there is a risk of error.

Answer 122

Action slip: Carry out incorrect action Environmental capture (habituation): Get so used to doing something that don't notice when it changes/fails (e.g. say you saw green light when you didn't)

Answer 123

Doing something the way you used to do it (e.g. following SOPs from your last airline)

Answer 124

If we are preparing to respond to an event (e.g. engine shutdown if engine blows up) there is a risk of carrying out that action in response to different stimulus (e.g. tray falling over).

Answer 125

Slip: Actions don't go according to plan, e.g. dial wrong number Mistake/Fault: Plan is faulty, e.g. shutting down wrong engine Lapse/omission: Failure to act due to forgetting or lack of attention Violation: Deliberate illegal intent [Silver Fox On Vespa]

Answer 126

Informed: Collects and analyses relevant data and disseminates safety info. Reporting: People encouraged to report errors and near misses. Learning: About making changes and implementing reforms, not the process of learning itself. Just: Unintentional errors not punished, reckless or deliberate acts are. Flexible: Able to reconfigure itself.

Answer 127

Non-punitive reporting system

Answer 128

Strong link, safety culture is a product of organisational, professional and national cultures.

Answer 129

Reluctance to give out information. Could describe not discussing something that has gone wrong in the cockpit (e.g. captain corrects a mistake but doesn't discuss it).

Answer 130

Error management programmes Zero Defect aims to remove human error entirely through training, a flawed concept. ECR aims to predict when errors might occur through discussing scenarios and finding mitigation.

Answer 131

Specialised cell capable of detecting changes in the environment (external or internal).

Answer 132

The reduction in sensitivity of a receptor as a result of continuous or repetitive exposure to a stimulus.

Answer 133

Longest form of sensory memory, of sound. Lasts 2-8 seconds.

Answer 134

Sensory memory of sight, lasts 0.5 to 1 second.

Answer 135

A brain disorder that interferes with interpretations of sensation and would prevent a pilots license

Answer 136

- Sensory - Short term/Working - Long term

Answer 137

Semantic: Meaning memory, knowledge in words and understanding such as language or numbers. Episodic: Event memory Procedural: Motor programmes

Answer 138

Chunking Association Mnemonics

Answer 139

Repeating something to reinforce long term memory (e.g. practicing touch and go's)

Answer 140

Expectation: Memory bends to fit what we think should have happened Suggestion: The way we are questioned affects how we recall events Repetition: Memory changes on retelling Amnesia: Can lose episodic memories [ESRA]

Answer 141

Classic conditioning (Pavlov) Operant conditioning (with feedback to encourage/discourage good/bad behaviour) Learning by insight (making logical connections) Learning by imitation (aka modelling)

Answer 142

Perceptual: Relating to skills that have been learnt (e.g. landing an aeroplane) Cognitive/thinking: Relating to knowledge based behaviour. Uses brain power and analysis.

Answer 143

1) Cognitive (learn the rules) 2) Associative (put into practice) 3) Automatic (consolidation of the skill)

Answer 144

SRK Skill based behaviour Rule based behaviour Knowledge based behaviour

Answer 145

Using learned skills. Only experienced people can do this therefore only experienced people can make skill based errors. Unskilled need different approach. Errors here are described as ROUTINE errors.

Answer 146

Following a routine or procedure e.g. checklists - Immediate actions (in case of emergency) should be memorised, subsequent actions in checklist

Answer 147

Error of commission: Wrong set of rules (e.g. checklist) being followed for the situation Departure from the rules

Answer 148

Using experience and memories to deal with non-routine situations for which no rules exist

Answer 149

At the top

Answer 150

Physiological (food, warmth etc.) Psychological (social etc.)

Answer 151

Job enrichment: Involve staff in policy such as designing aircraft layout Job enlargement: horizontal (increase employees control of their tasks) or vertical (delegation of tasks from senior staff)

Answer 152

Motivation factors: Job satisfaction, achievement. Hygiene factors: Job dissatisfaction, salary, staff relations

Answer 153

A method of judgement relating to rules based behaviour. Using knowledge that "if I do X then Y will happen"

Answer 154

The tendency for groups of people to make more risky decisions that they each would individually

Answer 155

i) Perception of relevant events ii) Comprehension of the implications iii) Projection of their status in the future

Answer 156

Notice - Understand - Think ahead

Answer 157

Analytical approach to decision making Time Diagnose Options Decide Assign Review

Answer 158

If it can be implemented within the time available

Answer 159

Threat and Error Management

Answer 160

Avoid (Anticipation) Trap (Recognition) Mitigate (Recovering)

Answer 161

An external event of error outside the control of the pilots requiring immediate attention and management if flight safety is to be maintained.

Answer 162

Environmental (weather, air control, terrain etc.) Organisational (flight deck, operational pressure)

Answer 163

An action or inaction which results in deviation from pilot intention or expectations and increases likelihood of safety margins being eroded. [ONLY errors by crew]

Answer 164

Communications Aircraft Handling Procedural [E-CAP]

Answer 165

- Communications relates to external comms or confusion between pilots. - Callouts/checklists relate to PROCEDURAL, not comms, as do SOP issues, briefings, documentation - Anything to do with the aircraft situation (speed, altitude, position, configuration) is aircraft handling

Answer 166

Internal means internal to the person making the mistake (e.g. fatigue, mistaken perception). External include stressors, ergonomics, economics and social environment (internal to the cockpit, but EXTERNAL to the person).

Answer 167

Undesired Aircraft State

Answer 168

- Aircraft handling - Aircraft configuration - Ground navigation

Answer 169

Hard resources (aka Systemic) are imbedded in the aviation system, e.g. legislation, aircraft systems, SOPs, crew training. Soft resources relate to human input, divided into planning, execution and review countermeasures.

Answer 170

Planning Execution Review

Answer 171

Layers of protection against errors viewed as slices of swiss cheese, with errors only occurring when holes in all slices line up

Answer 172

Organisation Unsafe supervision Preconditions for unsafe acts The unsafe act

Answer 173

The consistent use of good judgement and well-developed knowledge, skills and attitudes to accomplish flight objectives.

Answer 174

Crew Resource Management

Answer 175

SA enables better TEM which combined with CRM provides the best possible outcome.

Answer 176

System in which after taking action, feedback can be observed and corrections made (e.g. pilot flying an aeroplane)

Answer 177

Yoke/sidestick - forward to pitch down, left to bank left (etc.) are standard Throttle - push forward to open throttle is standard Fuel tank controls - NOT standardised

Answer 178

Misreading an indicator due to seeing it form an angle, based on distance between the needle and image behind it.

Answer 179

AI is top middle. ASI, Altimeter, HI are left right and bottom Turn coordinator & VSI in the bottom corners

Answer 180

An indicator which shows you a "target" for the correct attitude to fly the aircraft. Consists of a triangle for the plane and a dock or crossed lines where it must be lined up.

Answer 181

REM sleep recharges the brain Non-REM sleep recharges the body

Answer 182

Low body temp at 0500, peak at 1700. Hardest to stay awake at low body temperature.

Answer 183

The timing of sleep, not the amount of hours awake. Body temp will help you sleep at certain times.

Answer 184

Initially drop down through stages 1 to 4 and most stage 3/4 (deep) sleep is in first 2-3 hours. Most time spent in stage 2 which is also when periods of REM occur. Several moves through stages.

Answer 185

Paradoxical - REM, mental recovery Orthodox - Physical recovery only

Answer 186

Jet lag, aka transmeridian desynchronisation

Answer 187

If insufficient REM or non-REM sleep is had, next sleep will include more of that

Answer 188

90 minutes per day

Answer 189

If the stopover is less than 24 hours don't, if it is more, do try to adapt.

Answer 190

Angular is turning around axis in your own body, radial is where axis is external (i.e. centripetal force). In a turn, angular force is first experienced, then radial once it is established.

Answer 191

Need 1 hours sleep for every 2 hours awake Need to sleep immediately before wake up for duty

Answer 192

Sleep-walking - occurs during non-REM sleep

Answer 193

Vertical: + 25g Fore/aft: + 45g

Answer 194

Vigilance isn't the same as attention, it is related to AROUSAL and defined as the degree of activation of the CNS. Hypovigilance is when sleep patterns begin to show on an EEG (similar to microsleep).

Answer 195

Things causing drowsiness like low lighting, sleep debit, constant noise. NOT challenging things like high workload, distracting tasks or low temperature

Answer 196

Divided attention means focusing on multiple things at a time. Selective attention is focusing on a single item and moving between items. Over-arousal limits ability of divided attention (narrows our focus). [Note: Central decision maker can only make one decision at a time, but we can still use divided attention to take input form multiple sources]

Answer 197

Relaxed: + 3.5g Anti-g techniques: + 7 to + 8g Negative: -3g

Answer 198

Body position - legs up to chest Shouting/straining/tensing legs Anti-g straining manoeuvre (combination of tensing muscles & valsalva every 3-4 seconds) Anti-g suits

Answer 199

Mercury is poisonous and corrosive, especially to aluminium. Will escape via cracks to lowest point in aircraft. Use vacuum to collect, not blowing with compressed air which would scatter it.

Answer 200

This poisonous gas mostly exists above 40,000 ft (i.e. stratosphere), lower at some times. However it is usually broken down by cabin filtration system (catalytic converter if not using engine bleed air). [AKA ozone filters/removers]

Answer 201

4 hours of flight over 35000ft equivalent to a chest x-ray. Protection from earth's magnetic field stronger at equator than poles.

Answer 202

Weight (kg) / Height (m) squared

Answer 203

20-25 males, 19-24 females

Answer 204

Low blood sugar (below about 50mg per 100ml of blood)

Answer 205

Galactic - Worst at altitude and poles (steady & predictable) Solar - From solar flares (unsteady and unpredictable)

Answer 206

Extrovert - stable

Answer 207

Quesionnaires

Answer 208

Extraversion vs introversion Anxious vs Stable [Anxiety = Neuroticism in Hans Eysenck model]

Answer 209

- Openness to experience - Conscientiousness - Extroversion - Agreeableness - Neuroticism [OCEAN]

Answer 210

Heredity Upbringing CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE

Answer 211

How you see yourself

Answer 212

Group decision will be better than average decision made by members of the group. But will not improve on the problem solving of the ablest member of the group.

Answer 213

Non-verbal accounts for 55 to 75% of normal communication (including paralanguage - 'um', 'arr')

Answer 214

Open Question Require single or multiple deductions in order to provide an answer (e.g. in view of the weather, what is the best course of action?)

Answer 215

Closed Question The required response is very clear. Less likelihood of conclusion and quicker resolution

Answer 216

Quantity of information that reduces uncertainty in receiver by half

Answer 217

Short - Fewer than 10 ideas Individualised - for each flight Understood - by all crew members

Answer 218

Full duplication of actions to achieve a total result. For example both pilots using a flight control to avoid an obstacle. Communication required to coordinate.

Answer 219

Working in parallel towards a common goal, actions are independent. Communication not as imperative as redundant action, more to maintain team cohesion.

Answer 220

Two pilots actions are different, communication required to synchronize future actions.

Answer 221

Communication with the objective of obtaining something or achieving a specific purpose (e.g. asking for something)

Answer 222

Cognitive - Getting a common image of the situation Temporal - Ensure actions are timed appropriately

Answer 223

Eye point being marked

Answer 224

Quantitative information best as digital (e.g. fuel levels). Qualitative or comparison information best as analogue

Answer 225

Alerting function should be carried out by audio warning - mandatory if pilot required to take control.

Answer 226

Active errors are made at the human-system interface, i.e. in flight, and have an immediate effect. Latent errors are made by designers or management and have consequences which lay dormant for some time.

Answer 227

A vulnerable system is one where a single error can affect the whole system.

Answer 228

Aviation systems should be designed so that errors do not have serious implications for the overall safety of the flight (e.g. ensuring aircraft isn't moved outside of flight envelope)

Answer 229

A disease passed from animals to humans (such as rabies, ebola, bird flu)

Answer 230

Polio - person to person Typhoid - bacterial disease from contaminated food or water Cholera - Contaminated water Tetanus - Bacteria in a wound ALL are infectious

Answer 231

Vaccines for A and B A is from food/water contaminated with human faeces B and C are STDs (C only from blood)

Answer 232

Type 1 more serious, require regular injections of insulin. Type 2 may be manageable via diet.

Answer 233

Fumes entering the cabin via air source (bleed air from the engine)

Answer 234

- Furnishing and trimming materials - Hydraulic fluid NOT anti-icing fluid

Answer 235

Bottom up is based on what you actually see in the real world. Top down is based on the mental model you can construct from past experience and knowledge.

Answer 236

Visual constancy (e.g. size, colour, brightness constancy) is the brains ability to see the same object/person as having the same appearance, despite appearing different (e.g. closer or further away from us, in shadow, turned at an angle)

Answer 237

Visual - 70%

Answer 238

Rules preventing non-essential activity in the cockpit during essential phases of flight (e.g. below 10,000ft)

Answer 239

- Autocratic - Laisser-faire - Synergistic

Answer 240

Learning culture

Answer 241

Acute: Usually lack of sleep Chronic: Often psychological factors, no sleep for a long time

Answer 242

Resignation Anti-authority Invulnerable Macho Impulsive [RAIMI]

Answer 243

Avoiding making decisions or accepting responsibility

Answer 244

Often on outside, but can also be sprayed on inside of aircraft. Either residual type before passengers board, OR while passengers are on board!

Answer 245

Speaking up if you disagree

Answer 246

Mode confusion

Answer 247

- Situation assessment - Choosing a course of action

Answer 248

Feel too low when going from flat to mountainous. Feel too high when going to flat ground.

Answer 249

Yes, increased number of red blood cells.

Answer 250

Aggression!

Answer 251

Can be BOTH! If both tuned to the frequency both should be listening to it, allowing a cross check for what is heard.

Answer 252

Intrapersonal means the underlying issue is internal to one person (e.g. being too timid to speak up even if no indication it would be a problem). If one persons behaviour or attitude impacts the other it could be interpersonal (e.g. not speaking up to a captain known to be aggressive, the issue rests partly with the captain).

Answer 253

Hypertension

Answer 254

Not tiredness or microsleeps. Includes reduction in performance, psychological & mental health problems, maybe insomnia.

Answer 255

- PODEP Psychological Occupational Domestic Environmental Physiological

Human Performance Flashcards

(287 cards)