Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Physiology + Cell and Molec Bio > Human phys I > Flashcards

Human phys I Flashcards

(123 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

3 steps of a chemical synapse firing

A

excitation: from AP causes V-gated Ca++ channels to open and for Ca++ to rush into cell

releasing of neurotransmitters via vesicles

Reception; neurotransmitters bind to ligand gated channels in post-synaptic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do chemical synapses get excited?

A

Action potential causes voltage gated calcium channels to open, calcium influx causes vesicles to excocytose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T and V snares?

A

Target and vesicle snares are proteins that connect two membranes and catch each other like velcro hooks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

EPSP and IPSP

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory post-synaptic Potentials; they change the membrane potential (Change Vm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of Ion channel do EPSPs use? IPSPs?

A

EPSPs: an Na+ AND K+ ion channel, more Na enters than K+, so membrane depolarizes, change to Vm is minimal

IPSPs: use Cl- channels and K+ channels: maintain -70mV and K+ leaving cell causes ICF to be more negative. Prevents/resists depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Membrane needs to be more or less negative to cause an AP

A

less polarized, so less negative, or more positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

homeostasis aspects

A

temp., pH, oxygen and Co2 concentrations, water supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Negative feedback steps

A

1) detection 2) Dynamic change,. 3) Negative feedback (prevent further deviation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Shivering example for negative feedback

A

temp monitoring nerve cells -> temp control center -> skeletal muscles shiver -> temp increases _> 1st step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is positive feedback

A

Change to the system that moves away from homeostasis; uterus contractions, lactation, blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 types of specialized cells we cover in depth

A

epithelial cells, muscle cells, neuronal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

solid:fluid and ECF:ICF

A

40-45/60-65 and2/3ICF 1/3ECF (80interstitial fluid and 20%plasma for ECF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

organelles are divided into what two categories

A

membranous and nonmembranous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ER

A

synthesizes lipids and proteins\
\Rough: ribosomes made proteins to move to the smooth ER (products not for the cytosol)
/Smooth: lipid metabolism and calucium storage, forms transport vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ubiquitin proteosome

A

misfolded proteins tagged with ubiquitin, tagged proteins are transported to proteosome and disassembled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 Golgi complex purposes:

A

1) modifies molecules into a finished product
2) sorts, packages, and directs molecules to their final destinations
3) produces lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pathway extracellular products take

A

rough er -> smooth ER -> Golgi complex -> excocytosed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are vesicles exocytosed?

A

their V-SNAREs dock with marker accepter T-SNAREs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how much of cells energy does the mitochondria produce?

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3 tubes of the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules; transport;small

intermediate filaments; mechanical stress;middle

microfilaments; made of actin; contraction; small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

4 parts of phospholipid bilayer

A

phospholipids, carbohydrates, proteins, cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

phospholipid structure

A

amphipathic; head is hydrophilic
tail is hydrophobic
KINKED leg is UNSATURATED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

purpose of membrane carbohydrates and names

A

are glycolipids and glycoproteins; serve as recognition markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

integral, transmembrane, peripheral

A

“dip” into membr, extend through the whole thing, and are anchored to integral or membr proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
membrane protein specializations
channels, carriers, docking marker acceptors, membrane bound enzymes, receptors, cell adhesion molecules
26
Cystic fibrosis
a 1 protein defection that causes mucosal buildup
27
Extracellular matrix components
collagen - most abundant elastin - stretchy fibronectin - promote adhesion and hold position of cell all secreted by fibroblasts
28
Desmosomes
velcro two cells together strongest connection most present with stretching tissues use cadherins
29
tight junctions
prevents transport b/w two cells bonded through claudin interactions primarily in sheets of epithelial tissue lining internal cavities (think lumen)
30
Gap Junctions
small, tunnel connexons made of 6 connexins allow direct transfer of small molecules abundant in cardiac muscle to transmit electrical signals
31
paracellular transport
b/w cells
32
Transcellular transport
through a cell
33
Properties that influence transport directly through the PM
lipid solubility and Size of the particle
34
Hydrophobic molecules and PM
can go through like nuthun
35
small, uncharged molecules and the PM
can go through the PM :>
36
large, uncharged molecules and PM
heck no, the can't do that ew wtf
37
Ions
no
38
2 ways solutes move thru PM
diffusion due to electrochemical gradients facilitated requiring a protein helper
39
Active transport
requires energy
40
2 types of passive transport
channel mediated, transporter mediated
41
Ficks law of diffusion; if a solute can freely access two areas speed of diffusion affected by affected by
conc. gradient, surface area of PM, lipid solubility, molecular weight difference
42
what type of solutes affect osmosis>?
impermeable solutes
43
What channel does water go through?
aquaporin, but more slowly through the PM
44
osmosis def
Changes in the [] of impermeable solutes will cause water to move across PM to relieve [] gradient
45
What does osmolality tell us? tonicity?
If somethings moving, tells us if cell size will change.
46
Tm
transport maximum; all carrier protein binding sites are saturated and the rate of substance transport is at its maximum
47
Assisted transport's two types
primary and secondary active transport
48
primary active transport
direct use of ATP required; phosphorylation causes conformational change-> molecule binds to ec side and conforms back to original state (2 solutes)
49
Secondary active transport
driven by an [ion] gradient; symporter and antiporter types opposite charges across the PM result in membrane potential (Vm)
50
ICF charge
negative near the PM
51
Resting potential
The constant membrane potential present in non-excitable cells and excitable cells at rest
52
mV
millivolts of membrane potential
53
resting potential of muscles and neurons
-90mV and -70mV
54
what ions are mainly able to permeate the membrane?
Na+ and K+
55
K+ ICF, ECF, and relative # of leak chanels
150ICF, 5ECF, 25-30 channels out of cell
56
Na+ ICF, ECF, and relative # of leak channels
15ICF, 150ECF, 1 into cell
57
A- ICF, ECF, and relative # of leak channels
65, 0, 0
58
Na+/K+ ATPase pump
maintain Na+ and K+[] gradients 3Na+ pumped out for every 2K+ pumped in
59
what 2 factors set the membrane potential
electrochemical gradients and #of channels that allow for ion movement
60
Equilibrium potential
Esubk: electrostatic and concentration forces are equal and opposite
61
Electrostatic force
force applied by the negative membrane potential
62
equilibrium potentials of Na+, K+, and Cl
+60, -90, -70
63
Nernst/equilibrium potential
used to calculate the equilibrium constant of a particular ion
64
Goldman Hodgkin Katz equation
equilibrium potential of a number of ions
65
parts of a neuronal cell
dendrites, cell body, axon hillock, axon, axon terminal
66
what is the myelin sheath made up of
4 Shwann cells and oliugosaccharides
67
Nodes of Ranvier
Bare patches of axon that speed electrical signals
68
sending and receiving neurons of APs
pre and post synaptic neurons
69
Synapse is short for what
synaptic celft (space b/w neurons)
70
Graded potential
small, local change to ion transport across the membrane that slightly alters Vm
71
What is unique about graded potentials
triggered by a stimulus, decreases in size as it travels through the membr, bi-directional, can be summed and inhibited
72
What generates graded potentials
ion flow
73
Sodium voltage gated channels
cause Na+ influx, depolarize the PM a little bit and nudges Vm towards sodium's equilibrium constant
74
Potassium gated channels
K+ efflux, nudges cell toward equilibrium constant of K+, hyperpolarizes cell, and a number of positively charged ions leave the cell (potassium IS more concentrated in the cell)
75
What mV does a graded potential need to reach and what happens if it doesn't?
~50-55mV, and otherwise it dies out
76
Can action potentials die out?
no
77
what traits do all action potentials share?
equal amplitude and duration (abt 1milisecond)
78
what two types of channels generate APs?
voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels
79
Leak channels
always open, low conductive force
80
Voltage gated channels
open by membrane depolarization, when open, very high conductance
81
Differences b/w Na+ and K+ voltage gated channels
Na+ open and close faster, and inactivate themselves
82
K+ voltage gated channel helps with what cycle?
Rest -> graded depolarization to threshold -> depolarization -> repolarization -> hyperpolarization -> resting
83
ATP is used for primary or secondary active transport?
primary only
84
Graded depolarization to threshold
trigger event opens Na+ channels and also causes Vm to be less negative
85
Depolarization phase
Na+ channels mostly still open, K+ channels still closed (large depolarization, peaks at ~+30)
86
Repolarization phase
Na+ channels inactivate, K+ channels open
87
Hyperpolarization
reach and pass membrane equilibrium (-70) and K+ channels still open. leak channels return cell to resting -70
88
When can we fire another AP?
during hyperpolarization there is the relative refractory period where excitation can still occur with more current. Absolute refractory period is during depolarization
89
AP is what directional?
unidirectional *shrugs*
90
What is special about the axon hillock?>
it has more v-gated Na+ channels, therefore much lower barrier compared to upstream membrane
91
What's up with the gaps of Ranvier?
there's a shit ton of V-gated channels in there because the myelinated membrane doesn't have any, allows signal to go 50X faster
92
Contiguous vs saltatory conduction
normal axon vs myelinated axon
93
differences b/w electrical and chemical synaptic transmission
electrical: ions are the message, bidirectional, nearly instantaneous and cell:cell connections are via gap junctions chemical: neurotransmitter or neuropeptide are the message, unidirectional, small 1-5 ms delay in transmission, chemical synapse "connection"
94
Presynaptic neuron ends with the ____
axon terminal
95
Synaptic cleft?
space between pre and post-synaptic neurons
96
ligand-receptor binding changes what in the post-synaptic neuron?
Ion movement; can be excitatory or inhibatory
97
how are neurotransmitters removed?
diffuse, enzymatic degradation, or taken back up into the axon terminal for re-use
98
What happens if neurotransmitters are not cleared?
signals aren't heard" desensitization, limited response, and prevents coordinated synaptic transmission
99
Post synaptic Potentials are what?
small, but in most cases one EPSP is enough on its own to cause an action potential
100
What are all the potential types we've discussed? (4) (Hard, sorry :C)
Post-synaptic potentials: can cause or inhibit ACTION potentials in the post-synaptic neuron. (type of graded potential) Action potentials; send ions down the axon and result from GRADED potentials. Action potentials themselves are not graded Graded potentials: smaller changes to Vm (membrane potential) that can promote ACTION potentials Membrane potential: the difference in charge from in and outside a cell
101
Temporal and spatial Summation
temporal; the result of 1 neuron causing an AP by sending a signal over and over again (successive psps) Spatial: the result of multiple different neurons summing their potentials to cause an AP
102
CH 8: Muscles and whatnnot
// FREE SPACE //
103
Which muscles are striated and which don't?
striated: skeletal and cardiac muscles unstriated: smooth muscle
104
A single Muscle cell is what?
A muscle fiber
105
Skeletal muscle is composed of what>
muscle bundles
106
Myofibrils
cylindrical intracellular structures with thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments
107
Light banding is made of what
The I bands; sarcomere and thin filaments of actin
108
Dark banding is made up of what
The A Bands, made oof Myosin thick filaments
109
H zone
The segment of the muscle fiber composed of myosin filaments
110
M-Line
What the thick filaments are anchored to (Very center of diagram in class)
111
What are the two binding sites on a myosin head
there's a 1 actin binding site, and 1 ATP binding site
112
Cross bridging
myosin attaching to Actin
113
Tropomyosin
blocks actin's binding site in SKELETAL muscles
114
Troponin
stabilizes tropomyosin binding to actin and has a Ca++ binding site
115
What does Ca++ do in skeletal muscle fibers?
bind to troponin, moving it out of the way and that pulls the tropomyosin complex out of the way for actin binding sites to be revealed
116
Z Line
The line banding showing the boundary between different sarcomeres
117
4 steps of power strokes
1. Myosin binds to actin 2. POwer stroke 3. Detachment 4. Myosin binds to the next actin molecule (Z line moves away from its original spot throughout this)
118
How does myosin reset?
ATP binds and causes it to unbind from actin and go back to its original conformation
119
Which parts of a sarcomere change during muscle contraction?
H zone and I band shrink, Z-line moves inward, and the A band stays the same
120
Hydrostatic pressure
pressure exerted by stationary fluid; if a container is flexible this force will change its shape (different and competes with osmotic pressure)
121
Osmolarity
Total conc. of all solutes that are free in a solution (both impermeable and permeable, reflects solute concentration mostly)
122
What do Ionic components do in water?
dissociate, so they double their mOsm value
123

Human Physiology + Cell and Molec Bio (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions