Human Physiology And Health : Unit 1 Flashcards
(46 cards)
Where is sperm produced?
The seminiferous tubules
Where is testosterone produced
The interstitial cells
What starts puberty
The hypothalamus secreting a releaser hormone telling the pituitary to release FSH and LH in females and FSH and ICSH in males
What are the accessory glands and what do they do
Prostate Glands, seminal vesicles, secrete fluids that helps to maintain sperm mobility and viability
How is a Thrombus (Blood Clot) formed
Prothrombin (Inactive Enzyme) ⬇️ ⬇️ ⬅️ Clotting Factors(Vitamin K) ⬇️ Thrombin (Active Enzyme) ⬇️ ⬇️⬅️Fibrinogen (Soluble in blood) ⬇️ Fibrin (Insoluble in blood)
What happens during atherosclerosis
Accumulation of fatty material( cholesterol, calcium, fibrous material) under the endothelium lining - called an at atheroma or plaque Artery thickens as atheroma grows Linen narrows Blood flow is restricted Blood pressure increases
Structure and function of arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
- Connective tissue containing elastic fibres (to street and recoil to accommodate blood flow)
- Smooth muscle layer containing elastic fibres( can contract or relax causing Vasoconstriction or vasodilation)
- Inner endothelium lining
- Narrow lumen
Structure and function of Veins
Carry blood to the heart
- Connective tissue containing elastic fibres
- Smooth muscle
- Inner endothelium lining
- Wide lumen
- contain valves to prevent backflow
Structure and function of capillaries
To exchange substance with tissue through their thin (1 cell thick) walls
Why does vasoconstriction and vasodilation occur
To direct blood flow
What is hypertension
Prolonged high blood pressure
What happens during puberty
Hypothalamus secrets a released hormone
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Stimulates the pituitary gland
What happens during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle
- Pituitary produces Follicle Stimulating Hormone
- FSH stimulates development of the follicle
- Follicle produces oestrogen
- Oestrogen stimulates proliferation of the endometrium and thins the cervical mucus
- High levels of oestrogen cause a surge in Luteinising hormone
- Surge in LH is direct cause of ovulation
What happens during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle
- Corpus Luteum develops
- Corpus Luteum secrete progesterone
- Progesterone promotes vascularisation of the endometrium
- High levels of oestrogen from the follicle and progesterone from the Corpus Luteum
- Luteinising hormone & Follicle Stimulatim Hormone levels drop due to negative feedback on the pituitary
- Corpus Luteum can’t be maintained
- Endometrium can be maintained
- Menstruation
What happens in the menstrual cycle
Pituitary Gland produces Follicle Stimulating Hormone
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FSH stimulates development of the follicle
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Follicle produces oestrogen
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Oestrogen stimulates proliferation of the
endometrium and thins the cervical mucus
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High levels of oestrogen cause a surge in Luteinising hormone
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Surge in LH is direct cause of ovulation
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Corpus Luteum develops
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Corpus Luteum secrete progesterone
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Progesterone promotes vascularisation of the endometrium
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High levels of oestrogen from the follicle and progesterone from the Corpus Luteum
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Luteinising hormone & Follicle Stimulating Hormone levels drop due to negative feedback on the pituitary
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Corpus Luteum can’t be maintained
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Endometrium can be maintained
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Menstruation
How do you treat Infertility
Stimulating Ovulation
(Drugs either mimic FSH and LH or prevent negative feedback of oestrogen on FSH)
Can cause super ovulation (produce multiple eggs)
Artificial Insemination
(Sperm is collected over an amount of time and delivered directly to the egg)
Used when either the male us infertile or the sperm count is low
In Vitro Fertilsation (IVF)
Multiple ova are surgically removed after a hormone treatment to stimulate ovulation
Sperm is collected from the male and the ova and sperm are mixed in a dish to fertilise the ova
Zygotes are then incubated until at least 8 cells have been formed and are then implanted into the uterus
Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
Used in conjunction with IVF
Cells can be tested for genetic abnormalities like single gene disorders or chromosomal abnormalities
Allows for specific cells to be selected and used
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Happens during IVF
Used when defective sperm or those with a low sperm count
Involves injecting a single sperm into the cytoplasm
What are the two types of contraception
Chemical and barrier
What are the types of barrier methods and what do they do
Sterilisation (called a vasectomy in males) cut is seals that tube that carry’s sperm in males and cuts or seeks the oviduct in female - permanent
Condom/diaphragm- blocks sperm passage to vagina/cervix
Cervix cap/ Contraceptive sponge- blocks the sperms access to cervix
IUD/Intra uterine device/Coil - last for 5-10 years, creates a hostile environment for sperm through releasing copper
What are the types of chemical methods and what do they do
The morning after pill
-prevents ovulation
Combined Pill
-works by releasing hormones that simulate negative feedback preventing the release of an egg
Mini Pill
- Thickens cervical mucus
- Progesterone only pill can prevent ovulation
What is the purpose of antenatal screening
Used to identify risk of a disorder
What types of antenatal care are they
-Ultra sound
uses high frequency sound to produce an image
2 types
-Dating scan
Determine stage and due day of pregnancy
Occurs during 8-14 weeks
-Anomaly Scan
Can detect serious physical abnormalities
-Blood and Urine test Checks for marker chemicals Can confirm pregnancy or indicate the possibility of genetic metabolic problems I’d done at wrong time can result in a false positive -The Marker Chemicals HCG - Human Chorionic gene AFP - Alpha Foeto Protein Estriol - oestrogen hormone
Karytopes - Shows an individuals genes as homologous pairs
Two ways to form - CVS and Amniocentesis
Chronic Villus Sampling - CVS
Cells are taken from the placenta
Can be done earlier in pregnancy than amniocentesis but has a higher miscarriage chance
Amniocentesis
Cells are taken from the amniotic fluid
Done later in the pregnancy than CVS but has a lower chance of miss carriage
What is postnatal screening used for
Checks for metabolic disorders
I.E PKU(Phenylketonuria)
Tests for phenylalanine
Enzyme isn’t functioning
So it can’t turn phenylalanine into tyrosine
Excess phenylalanine disrupts organ development
Dealt by placing children on a restricted diet
PKU is a substitution mutation
What are the four patterns of inheritance
Autosomal recessive
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal incomplete dominance
Sex linked
Why happens in autosomal recessive inheritance
Rarely expressed
Needs two recessive alleles
Can skip generations
