human population Flashcards
(53 cards)
define birth rate
total number of live babies born over time
define death rate
total number of deaths over time
define rate of natural increase
difference in birth rate and death rate
define pronatalist
government incentives and subsidies to encourage birth rates
define antinatalist
the government view of trying to decrease birth rate. could be through policies and legislation
define migration
the movement of people between countries, this can also be within countries such as rural to urban migration
define immigration
movement of people into a country
define emigration
movement of people out of a country
what does MEDC stand for?
more economically developed countries
what does LEDC stand for?
less economically developed countries
list factors that influence birth/death rate in full sentences (5)
- high and young death rate often means a high birth rate
- farming communities often need more manual labour so high in birth rates (less developed countries)
- more developed countries often more expensive to have children so may have a lower birth rate
- social/cultural expectations (religions), in some cultures it is expected for women to stay home and look after the house and have babies
- cultures where women get further education can often mean a lower birth rate
define population
all the organisms of one species living in a defined area
define population density
the density of people in an area - usually defined by the number of people in square km
define population distribution
the pattern of where people live and how its distributed around the world
what is the equation for population density?
PD = people/area
define the term ‘agglomeration’
a spread city
define a population pyramid/age pyramid
a diagram displaying the population structure by both age and sex, with age increasing and males & females on either side
define the term ‘dependent’
young and old people in the population, they use money in the form of taxes for either educational or health support
define the term ‘independent’
often middle-aged population that are paying taxes but are able to live without support from taxes
what can impact a low birth rate? (7)
- women’s status within society has improved
- contraception and family planning is more readily available
- more careers and job opportunities for women
- the cost of raising a family has increased
- more people are entering relationships later, so there is less opportunities to have large families
- people may prioritise building their career over children
- couples may prefer to spend their money on holidays/travel, cars, houses, etc
what can impact a high birth rate? (6)
- children are needed to work and bring in an income for the family
- children are required to look after elderly parents because of a lack of pension
- lack of availability and knowledge of contraception and family planning
- high infant mortality rates, so parents have more children in the hope that some survive
- religious beliefs: certain religions encourage large families
- in some developing countries, children can be viewed as a sign of virility
what effect can a high birth rate have on a population? (5)
- population will be growing
- high young dependent population
- will need money to invest in education
- large labour supply will be coming through
- support in the family
what effect can a low birth rate have on a population? (4)
- population will be stable or starting to decline
- overtime there will be less people in the independent age group, less people have to play taxes
- more pressure on independents to support elderly and dependents
- possibility of governments encouraging higher birth rate
what can impact a high death rate? (7)
- lack of food caused by famine
- malnutrition caused by a poor diet
- poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water
- natural disasters destroying crops
- high levels of disease eg malaria
- lack of doctors and healthcare
- war
