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bio component 2 > human reproduction > Flashcards

human reproduction Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

what is the function of the scrotum?

A

external sac that holds testes outside body and provides opt temp for sperm production (35)

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2
Q

what is function of the testes?

A

produces male gametes (spermatozoa)

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3
Q

what is the function of the urethra?

A

connects bladder to outside, transfers urine and semen to outside

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4
Q

penis?

A

organ used to pass semen into reproductive system- erectile tissue fills with blood for penetration

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5
Q

vas deferens?

A

tubes that takes sperm from testes to urethra

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6
Q

epididymis?

A

where sperm mature and are collected

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7
Q

seminiferous tubules?

A

site of sperm production

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8
Q

prostate gland?

A

produces alkaline secretion that neutralises any urine in urethra, also aids in sperm mobility

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9
Q

seminal vesicle

A

gland that produces nutrient secretion that helps sperm motility

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10
Q

endometrium?

A

where embryo implants and is shed in menstruation

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11
Q

myometrium?

A

muscular layer of uterus

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12
Q

ovary?

A

produce female gametes (secondary oocytes) and secretes oestrogen and progesterone

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13
Q

fallopian tube?

A

where fertilisation occurs, connects overy to uterus

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14
Q

urethra (females)?

A

allows passage of urine

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15
Q

vagina?

A

muscular tube that leads to outside of body

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16
Q

where and when does spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubules of testes, from puberty to death

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17
Q

in what order are the stages of a cell undergoing spermatogenesis?

A

germinal epithelium (2n) -> spermatogonia (2n) -> primary spermatocyte (2n) -> secondary spermatocyte (n) -> spermatid (n) -> spermatozoa (n)

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18
Q

what types of cell division/processes occurs (in order)?

A

mitosis, mitosis and growth, meiosis I, meiosis II, differentiation

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19
Q

what are the function of sertoli cells?

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A

nourish sperm cells and protect them from the immune system

20
Q

what do leydig (/interstitial) cells do?

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A

produce testosterone

21
Q

where and when does oogenesis occur?

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A

ovaries and pre-birth to menopause

22
Q

in what order are the stages of a cell undergoing oogenesis?

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A

germinal epithelium, oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte (& 1st polar body), ovum (& 2nd polar body)

23
Q

what types of cell division/processes occurs (in order)?

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A

mitosis, mitosis, meiosis I (stops at prophase I until puberty), meiosis II (stops at metaphase II until fertilised into ovum)

24
Q

what happens in terms of accessory cells during this?

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A
  • follicle cells grow around primary oocyte, forming a primordial follicle which is then stimulated by its own production of FSH
  • now becomes primary follicle which produces oestrogen- switches off FSH production
  • grows more to become secondary follicle, then graafian follicle (both contain fluid)
  • ovulation then occurs (oocyte and follicle cells released)
  • remains of follicle develop into corpus luteum
  • once fertilised, secondary oocyte develops nucleus, cytoplasm, corona radiata and zona pellucida
25
describe the journey of the sperm in fertilisation
released from epididymis -> travel along vas deferens -> out of penis via urethra -> spermatozoa deposited at top of vagina -> swim through cervix -> along lining of uterus -> into oviduct -> meets secondary oocyte
26
what happens during capacitation?
- enzymes in uterus cause removal of glycoprotein and cholesterol from outer-layer covering acrosome (weakens cell mem) - mem is now more permeable to Ca2+ ions - increases tail activity and starts acrosome reaction
27
what happens during the acrosome reaction?
- contact with zona pellucida causes acrosome mem to rupture, zp releases hydrolytic enzymes - these digest corona radiata and zona pellucida - mems of sperm and secondary oocyte fuse (entry of head stimulates completion of meiosis II to produce ovum and 2nd polar body) - mem fusion causes cortical reaction (prevents polyspermy) - entry causes Ca2+ release from SER so plasma mem changes polarity - cortical granules release enzymes that change structure of zp to form fertilisation membrane
28
describe the formation of the zygote
- nucleus of sperm fuses with nucleus of ovum to form diploid zygote - undergoes mitosis (type known as cleavage) to form a morula - divides to form hollow ball of undifferentiated cells (blastocyst with inner cell mass- outer mem is called trophoblast, later develops into chorion) - implants into wall of endometrium - chorion then become trophoblastic villi (to provide large SA for exchange) and then chorionic villi (location of foetal blood vessels) - embryo produces hCG which maintains the corpus luteum
29
what are the 5 function of the placenta?
1. gas, nutrient and waste exchange 2. produces progesterone and oestrogen (takes over from corpus luteum) 3. acts as barrier to infection from (not rubella or zika) bacteria/viruses 4. allows SOME antibodies to cross 5. acts as barrier to mothers high blood pressure
30
what are the properties of the blood flowing through the umbilical artery?
- low O2/ high CO2 - low amino acids and glucose/ high urea
31
what are the properties of the blood flowing through the umbilical vein?
- high O2/ low CO2 - high amino acids and glucose/ low urea
32
what mechanism do the artery and vein follow during the exchange between mother and foetus?
counter-current flow
33
what is the amnion?
membrane derived from inner cell mass of blastocyst, where amniotic fluid accumulates and pushes the mem outwards
34
what is the function of the amnion?
protects foetus during development by: - maintaining temp - providing lubrication - allowing movement - acting as shock absorber - contributing to lung development
35
what happens just before birth?
- oestrogen up, progesterone down -> allows uterine wall to contract - decrease in progesterone allows secretion of oxytocin and prolactin - +ve feedback loops causes more oxytocin secretion and therefore stronger contractions
36
what is one of the possible causes of female infertility?
- blocked fallopian tubes (maybe due to infection) - this prevents fertilisation/ zygote from moving down tube - treatment is IVF (fertilisation occurs outside of body and zygote is implanted into uterus)
37
what are the two phases of the menstrual cycle called?
follicular and luteal
38
describe the events during one menstrual cycle
- low levels of p & o lead to production of FSH & LH (-ve feedback relationship) by anterior pituitary - follicle develops, follicle cells produce o, which causes endometrium to thicken - high concen of o stimulates LH production, increases FSH - rise in LH triggers ovulation and then also formation of corpus luteum - cl produces p & o which maintain endometrium - if no fertilisation: cl shrinks and p/o stops - falling p & o causes menstruation
39
what is the function of FSH (anterior pituitary)?
stimulates follicle production
40
what is the function of LH (anterior pituitary)?
- triggers ovulation - causes development of corpus luteum
41
what is the function of progesterone?
- maintains endometrium - prevents contractions of uterus wall - inhibits FSH & LH production
42
what is the function of oestrogen?
- causes uterus and mammory glands to grow - growth and development of endometrium - inhibits FSH & LH
43
what is the function of hCG (made by implanted blastocyst)?
-maintains corpus luteum (which produces progesterone and therefore maintains endometrium)
44
what is the function of oxytocin?
- causes stronger contractions of myometrium (which increases levels further)
45
where is oxytocin produced?
posterior pituitary gland
46
what is the function of prolactin?
- stimulates mammory glands to synthesise milk (milk is released when oxytocin causes muscles around milk ducts to contract)
47
where is prolactin produced?
anterior pituitary gland

bio component 2 (5 decks)

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