Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive System

1. Ovaries : Oogensis(Meiosis) Large and small egg ⇒ Oogensis part 2 2. Oviduct = Fallopian Tube 3. Uterus 4. Endometrium: Egg Implantation

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Inject Sperm straight into the egg Helps those with low Sperm motility

Totipotent: Anything in the body or embryonic Pluripotent: Any body cells Multipotent: Certain types of cells Endoderm: Lung, Pancreas, etc. Mesoderm: Heart, blood, etc. Ectoderm: skin, neuron, etc.

Human Reproduction Flashcards by Samanyu Koduri

Making Babies

Mitosis

Exact Copying

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Making Babies

Meiosis

Diploid to Haploid ⇒ Variation

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Male Reproduction System

Testes: Spermatogensis
Epididimus: Maturation
Seminal Vesicle: Glucose
Prostate and bulbourethral: Alkaline

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Female Reproductive System

Ovaries : Oogensis(Meiosis)
* Large and small egg ⇒ Oogensis part 2
Oviduct = Fallopian Tube
Uterus
Endometrium: Egg Implantation

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Female Reproductive System

Ovulation

Egg Release

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Female Reproductive System

Zona Pelucida

Jelly Layer around egg that disappears when endometriosis occurs

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Reproduction

Polyspermy

Unsuccessful Embryos

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Development Process

Mitosis–>Morula –> Blastocyst –> Inner Cell Mass–> Trophoblast cells

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Infertility - Medical Definitions

Infertility

Inability to conceive after a year of frequent intercourse.

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Infertility - Medical Definitions

Subfertility

Conception can occur but it takes longer than usual.

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Infertility - Medical Definitions

Sterile

Complete Inability to conceive

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Infertility - Medical Definitions

Pregnancy Problems

Can be anything from low BMI to chromosome abnormalities

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Normal Sperm

20 million/mL
75% survival

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Causes for decreased sperm motility

Y-Chromosome Deletion
Hormone and Gene malfunction
Oxidative Stress ⇒ Cell Damage
Hormone Imbalance due to drugs
Testicular Problems

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Causes for decreased sperm motility

Zoospermia

No sperm in semen

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Causes for decreased sperm motility

Oligospermia

Decreased sperm count

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Female Causes for Infertility

Maternal Age: Increased Miscarriage and Infertility
Uterine Fibroids
Fallopian Tubes Damage:
1. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Hormone Imbalances(PCOS = Too much Testosterone)
Hypothyroidism
Drugs

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Female Causes of Infertility

Endometriosis

Endometrial Tissue outside Endometrium

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ICSI

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Inject Sperm straight into the egg
Helps those with low Sperm motility

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Stem Cells

Unspecialized Cells

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Stem Cells

Types

Study These Flashcards

Totipotent: Anything in the body or embryonic
Pluripotent: Any body cells
Multipotent: Certain types of cells
* Endoderm: Lung, Pancreas, etc.
* Mesoderm: Heart, blood, etc.
* Ectoderm: skin, neuron, etc.

Stem Cell History

Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman

Study These Flashcards

1981
Infinitely spreading Mouse stem cells(from blastocyst) on dish

Stem Cell History

Picky-Wicker Amendment

Study These Flashcards

1996
No federal money to embryonic research
No money for embryonic creation/ destruction for research

Stem Cell History

Dr.James Thompson

Study These Flashcards

1998
first human stem cell line while killing embryo

# Stem Cell History Yamanaka

* 2006 * Forms pluripotent stem cells from Mouse skin = iPSC

iPSC

* Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Allogenic Stem Cell Transplant

* Same Species * Bone Marrow

Autologous Stem Cell Transplant

* Same Person * Same Person leads to less complications

Treatment for Parkinsons

* Replace Substancia Niagra

Type I Diabetes

* Replace insulin Pancreas cells

# Cloning Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer(SCNT)

* Transferring nucleus(= complete set of chromosomes) to egg

# Cloning Reproductive Cloning

* Empty oocyte +Adult cell nucleus

# Cloning Therapeutic cloning:

* Empty oocyte +Adult cell nucleus * Used embryonic stem cells

# Cloning Nuclear Reprogramming

* iPSC

# Cloning Paracrine Factors

* Cell ←→Cell signaling * Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors ⇒ Increased blood vessels

# Cloning iPSC vs SCNT

* iPSC: * Old Mitochondria * Shorter Telomeres * No Eggs * SCNT * Young Mitochondria * Eggs

# History Of Cloning August Weisman

* Recognizing nucleus importance

# History of Cloning Hans Driesh

* Cells are totipotent * Nucleus can create clones by transplant

# History of Cloning Briggs & King

* 1st SCNT cloning in frog with unspecialized cells * Devleoping a technique to move nuclei from one cell to another * Increased cell differentiation led to less generalized DNA

# History of Cloning John Gurdon

* Differentiated cells have all the DNA

# History of Cloning Campbell and Ritchie

* Mammal cloning from nucleus of Blastocysts

# History of Cloning Ian Wilmut et al

* Using Adult cells to clone mammals * Created Dolly

# Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Benefits of Theraputic Cloning

* Grows organs and can save yourself * Reduces chance of rejection * More localized

# Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Negatives of Theraputic Cloning

* Very Expensive * Ethics: Starting at life * Low success rate * Older mitochondria * Destroying embryo

# Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Positives of Reproductive Cloning

* Remove Genetic Disease * Reproduce Successful People * Help those not able to have kids * Breakthroughs in science * Livestock perfection * Bring back pets/ endangered animals/ people * Not destroying embryo

# Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Negatives of Reproductive Cloning

* Very Expensive * Invasive * Create identity problems * Low genetic variation * No evolution * Increasing wealth gap * Role of God * Clones die young * The dignity of clone will (not) be respected

# Leftover Embryos Rios Family Options

1. Divide among kids 1. Don't do anything 1. Flush them 1. Donate to others or science

# Leftover Embryos Potential Laws

* No Freezing * Donate to others or science * Both with exceptions

What is IVF

* In Vitro Fertilization * Process 1. Follicle Aspiration 2. Fertilization 3. Embryo Transfer * Addition: Assistive Hatching = helping break ZP

GIFT

Gamete Intrafallopian Tube Transfer

ZIFT

Zygote Intrafallopian Tube Transfer Mix in fallopian tube

Human Reproduction Flashcards

(51 cards)