Human reproduction Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
Humans are —reproducing and—.
A
sexually
viviparous
2
Q
The reproductive events in humans include
1. formation of gametes (—), i.e., — in males
and —in females,
2. transfer of sperms into the —- (—-)
3. fusion of male and female gametes (—-) leading to formation of —-.
A
gametogenesis
sperms, ovum
female genital tract
insemination
fertilisation
zygote
3
Q
formation of zygote is followed by:
4. formation and development of —
5. its attachment to the —wall (—-)
6. —- development (—-)
7. delivery of the
— (—-).
A
blastocyst
uterine- implantation
embryonic
gestation
baby
parturition
4
Q
These reproductive
events occur —-.
A
after puberty
5
Q
There are remarkable
differences between the — in the male and in the female, for example, —formation continues even in —, but formation of —ceases in — around the age of —.
A
reproductive events
sperm- old men
ovum- women, fifty years
6
Q
The male reproductive system is located in the —-
A
pelvis region
7
Q
Male rep system includes a PAIR of — along with
accessory —, — and —-
A
testes
ducts, glands and the external genitalia.
8
Q
The testes are situated outside the — within a —called — .
A
abdominal cavity
pouch
scrotum
9
Q
The scrotum helps in maintaining the — of the testes (— lower than
the normal —- temperature ) necessary for —-.
A
low temperature
(2–2.5 C), internal body
spermatogenesis
10
Q
In —, each testis is — in shape, with a length
of about— and a width of
about —-
A
adults
oval
4 to 5 cm, 2 to 3 cm.
11
Q
The testis is covered by a —
A
dense covering.
12
Q
— testis has about —compartments
called —–
A
Each , 250
testicular lobules
13
Q
Each lobule contains —-, —- seminiferous
tubules in which — are
produced.
A
1-3
highly coiled
sperms
14
Q
Each seminiferous tubule
is lined on — by two types of cells called —- and —cells
A
its inside
male germ cells (spermatogonia)
Sertoli
15
Q
The — undergo meiotic divisions finally leading to sperm formation
A
male germ cells
16
Q
Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the— .
A
germ cells
17
Q
The regions outside the
seminiferous tubules called —-
A
interstitial spaces
18
Q
interstitial space contains — and — or —- cells and other —– cells are also present
A
small blood vessels
interstitial or leydig
immunologically competant
19
Q
Leydig cells — and —- testicular hormones called —.
A
synthesise and secrete
androgens
20
Q
The male sex accessory ducts include —, —, — and —-
A
rete testis, vasa efferentia,
epididymis and vas deferens
21
Q
The seminiferous tubules of the testis open into the —- through —-
A
vasa efferentia
rete testis.
22
Q
The — leave the testis and open into — located along the — of each testis.
A
vasa efferentia
epididymis
posterior surface
23
Q
The epididymis leads to — that ascends to the — and loops over the — .
A
vas deferens
abdomen
urinary bladder
24
Q
Vas deference receives a duct from — and opens into — as the —-
A
seminal vesicle
urethra
ejaculatory duct
25
Ejaculatory ducts --- and -- the sperms from the testis to the outside through ---.
store and transport
urethra
26
The urethra originates from the --- and extends
through the ---- to its external opening called ---
urinary bladder
penis
urethral meatus.
27
The --- is the male external genitalia
penis
28
29
Penis is made up of --- that helps in --- of the penis to facilitate ---.
special tissue
erection
insemination
30
The --- end of penis called the --- is covered by a ---
of skin called ---.
enlarged, glans penis
loose fold, foreskin
31
The male accessory glands include---, a ---and --- glands.
paired seminal vesicles
prostate
paired bulbourethral
32
Secretions of acc glands constitute the --- which is rich in ---, --- and ----.
seminal plasma
fructose, calcium and certain enzymes
33
The secretions of --- glands also helps in the --of the penis.
bulbourethral
lubrication
34
The female reproductive system consists of a pair of --- alongwith a pair of --- , -----
located in --- region
ovaries , oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina and the external genitalia
pelvic
35
Parts of the fem rep system along with a --- are integrated ---- to support
the processes of ---, ---, ---, --- and ----
pair of the mammary glands
structurally and functionally
ovulation, fertilisation, pregnancy, birth and child care.
36
Ovaries are the --- female sex organs that produce the female gamete (ovum) and several --- (ovarian hormones).
primary
steroid hormones
37
The ovaries are located one on each side of the --
lower abdomen
38
Each ovary is about --- cm in length and is connected to the --- and --- by ---.
2 to 4
pelvic wall and uterus
ligaments
39
Each ovary is covered by a --- which encloses the ---.
thin epithelium
ovarian stroma
40
The ovarian stroma is divided into two zones – a --- and ----
peripheral cortex and an inner medulla.
41
---, --- and ----- constitute the female accessory ducts.
The oviducts (fallopian tubes), uterus and vagina
(OUV)
42
Each fallopian tube is about --- long and extends from the --- of each --- to ----
10-12 cm
periphery
ovary to uterus
43
The part of oviduct closer
to the ovary is the ----.
funnel-shaped infundibulum
44
The --- of the infundibulum possess ----called ---, which help in
collection of the --- after ovulation.
edges
finger-like projections
fimbriae
ovum
45
The infundibulum leads to a ---- of the oviduct called ---.
wider part, ampulla
46
The last part of the oviduct, --- has
a --- and it joins the uterus.
isthmus
narrow lumen
47
The uterus is --- and it is also called ---.
single
womb
48
The shape of the uterus
is like ----.
an inverted pear
48
Uterus is supported by ---attached to the ---.
ligaments
pelvic wall
49
The uterus opens into ---through a narrow --.
vagina
cervix
50
The cavity of the cervix is called --- which alongwith ---- forms the birth canal.
cervical canal
vagina
51
The wall of the uterus has ---- layers of ---.
three
tissue
52
The external ---- perimetrium, middle -----, myometrium and inner --- called endometrium that
lines the ----
thin membranous
thick layer of smooth
muscle
glandular layer
uterine cavity.
53
The endometrium undergoes --- during menstrual cycle while the ---exhibits --- contraction during
delivery of the baby.
cyclical changes
myometrium
strong
54
The female external genitalia include --- (5)
mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, hymen and clitoris
55
Mons pubis is a ---- tissue ---, ---.
cushion of fatty
covered by skin and pubic hair
56
The labia majora are---- of
tissue, which extend down from the mons pubis
fleshy folds
57
---- surround the vaginal
opening.
Labia majora
58
The labia minora are ---- folds of tissue under the labia majora.
paired
59
The opening of the vagina is often --- by a MEMBRANE called -- .
covered partially
hymen
60
The clitoris is a ---- structure which lies at the --- junction of the two --- above the --- .
tiny finger-like
upper
labia minora
urethral opening
61
The hymen is OFTEN torn during the first coitus (---).
However, it can also be broken
by a sudden --- or ---, insertion of a ----, active participation
in some sports like --- and ----, etc. In some women the hymen
persists even after coitus.
intercourse
fall or jolt
vaginal tampon
horseback riding, cycling
62
In fact, the presence or absence of hymen is not a reliable indicator of --- or ----
virginity or sexual experience.
63
A --- mammary gland is characteristic of all --- mammals.
functional, female
64
The mammary glands are paired structures (---) that contain
--- and ---.
breasts
glandular tissue and variable amount of fat
65
The --- of each breast is divided into--- mammary lobes containing clusters of cells called alveoli
glandular tissue
15-20
66
The cells of alveoli secrete ---, which is stored in the ---- of ---.
milk
cavities (lumens), alveoli
67
The alveoli open into ---
mammary tubules.
68
The tubules of EACH LOBE join to form a ---.
mammary duct
69
---- mammary ducts join to form a wider mammary --- which is connected to --- through which milk is ----
Several
ampulla
lactiferous duct
sucked out.
70
The ---- – the testis in the males and the ovaries in the females – produce gametes, i.e, sperms and ovum, respectively, by the
process called ---.
primary sex organs
gametogenesis
71
In testis, the ---- (spermatogonia) produce sperms by --- that begins at--- .
immature male germ cells
spermatogenesis
puberty
72
The ---- present on the ---- wall of seminiferous tubules multiply by ---division and ----.
spermatogonia
inside
mitotic
increase in numbers
73
Each spermatogonium is --- and contains --- chromosomes
diploid
46
74
Some of the spermatogonia called ---- periodically undergo ---.
primary spermatocytes
meiosis
75
A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (---) leading to formation of ----, haploid cells called---- which have only
23 chromosomes each.
reduction division
two equal
secondary spermatocytes,
76
The secondary spermatocytes undergo the ---- meiotic
division to produce ----, haploid
---
second
four equal
spermatids
77
The spermatids are transformed into --- (----) by the process called
----.
spermatozoa- sperms
spermiogenesis
78
After ----, sperm heads become embedded in the ----, and are finally released from the seminiferous tubules by the process
called ----.
spermiogenesis
Sertoli cells
spermiation
79
--- starts at the age of puberty due to significant increase in the
secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).
Spermatogenesis
80
GnRH is a ---- hormone.
hypothalamic
81
The increased levels of GnRH then acts at the --- and stimulates
secretion of two gonadotropins – luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
anterior pituitary gland
82
LH acts at the --- and stimulates synthesis and secretion of ---. which, in turn, stimulate the
process of ----.
Leydig cells
androgens
spermatogenesis
83
FSH acts on the --- and stimulates secretion of some --- which help in the process of ----.
Sertoli cells
factors
spermiogenesis
84
Structure of a sperm.:
It is a --- structure composed of a --- (4)
microscopic
head, neck, a middle piece and a tail
85
A plasma membrane envelops the --- of sperm.
whole body
86
The sperm head contains an ---- nucleus, the ---- portion of which
is covered by a ---, ----
elongated haploid
anterior
cap-like structure, acrosome.
87
The acrosome is filled with --- that help --- of the ovum.
enzymes
fertilisation
88
The middle piece possesses ---, which produce energy for the --- that facilitate sperm --- essential for fertilisation.
numerous mitochondria
movement of tail
motility
89
The human male ejaculates about --- sperms during a coitus of which, for normal fertility, at least ---
must have normal shape and size and at least ---- OF THEM must show --- motility
200 to 300 million
60 per cent sperms
40 per cent
vigorous
90
Sperms released from the seminiferous tubules, are transported by the ----.
accessory ducts
91
Secretions of ---, ---, --- and ---- are essential for --- and --- of sperms.
epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate
maturation and motility
92
The seminal plasma along with the sperms constitute the ---- .
semen
93
The functions of male sex accessory --- and --- are maintained by the ----
ducts and glands
testicular hormones (androgens).
94
The process of formation of a --- is called oogenesis which is --- from spermatogenesis.
mature female gamete
markedly different
95
Oogenesis is initiated during the --- when a --- gamete mother cells (oogonia) are formed within ---;
embryonic development stage
couple of million
each fetal ovary
96
no more oogonia are --- and --- after birth.
formed and added
97
Gamete mother cells cells start division and enter into ---- division and get --- arrested at that stage, called ----
prophase-I of the meiotic
temporarily
primary oocytes.
98
Each primary oocyte then gets surrounded by a layer of ---- and is called the ----
granulosa cells
primary follicle
99
A large number of these follicles ---during the phase from birth to
puberty.
degenerate
100
Therefore, at puberty only ---- primary follicles are left in EACH ovary.
60,000-80,000
101
The primary follicles get surrounded by ---- and a new --- and are called ---- follicles.
more layers of granulosa cells
theca
secondary
102
The secondary follicle soon transforms into a tertiary follicle which is characterised by a ----.
fluid filled cavity called antrum
103
The theca layer is organised into an inner --- and outer ---- in 3' follicle
theca interna and a theca externa
104
It is at this stage that the primary oocyte within the --- follicle ---- and completes its --- division.
It is an unequal division resulting in the formation of a large
haploid --- and a tiny ----
tertiary
grows in size
first meiotic
secondary oocyte
first polar body
105
The secondary oocyte retains ---- of the primary oocyte.
bulk of the nutrient rich cytoplasm
106
Does the first polar body born
out of first meiotic division divide further or degenerate?
At present we are not very certain about this
107
The tertiary follicle further changes into the ---- follicle or ----follicle
mature Graafian
108
The ---- forms a new membrane called --- surrounding it. The Graafian follicle now ruptures to release the secondary oocyte
(---) from the ---- by the
process called ----.
secondary oocyte
zona pellucida
ovum, ovary
ovulation
109
The reproductive cycle in the --- (e.g. ---, --- and ----) is called menstrual cycle.
female primates-monkeys, apes and human beings
110
The first menstruation begins
at --- and is called --- .
puberty, menarche
111
In ----- females, menstruation
is repeated at an average interval of about ----, and the cycle of
events starting from one menstruation till the next one is called the menstrual cycle.
human
28/29 days
112
--- ovum is released (ovulation) during the --- of each menstrual cycle.
One, middle
113
The cycle starts with the --- phase, when ---- occurs and it lasts for --- days.
menstrual
menstrual flow
3-5
114
The menstrual flow results due to breakdown of---- of the uterus and its --- which forms liquid that comes out through ----.
endometrial lining
blood vessels
vagina
115
Menstruation only occurs if the released ovum is ---.
not fertilised
116
Lack of menstruation may be indicative of -----
However, it may also be
caused due to some other --- causes like --, --- etc.
pregnancy
underlying
stress, poor health
117
The menstrual phase is followed by the --- phase.
follicular
118
During follicular phase, the --- follicles in the ovary grow to become a --- follicle and simultaneously the endometrium
of uterus ---- through ----
primary, fully mature Graafian
regenerates through proliferation.
119
These changes in the ovary and the uterus are induced by changes in the levels of--- and ---- hormones
pituitary and ovarian
120
The secretion of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) ---- gradually during the follicular phase, and stimulates follicular development as well as secretion of --- by the growing follicles
increases
estrogens
121
Both LH and FSH attain a peak level
in the middle of cycle (about ---).
14th day
122
Rapid secretion of LH leading to
its maximum level during the mid-cycle called --- induces --- and thereby the ----
LH surge
rupture of Graafian follicle
release of ovum (ovulation)
123
The ovulation (----) is followed by the --- phase during which the ---parts of the--- transform as the ----
ovulatory phase
luteal
remaining, Graafian follicle
corpus luteum
124
The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of --- which is essential for maintenance of the --- .
progesterone
endometrium
125
Such an endometrium is necessary for --- of the fertilised ovum and other events of pregnancy.
implantation
126
During pregnancy all events of
the menstrual cycle stop and there is --- .
no menstruation
127
In the absence of fertilisation, the --- degenerates. This causes disintegration of the --- leading to menstruation, marking a new cycle.
corpus luteum
endometrium
128
In human beings, menstrual cycles ceases around --- years of age; that is termed as --- .
50
menopause
129
Cyclic menstruation is an indicator of --- phase and extends between menarche and menopause.
normal reproductive
130
Maintenance of --- and---
during menstruation is
very important.
- Take bath and clean yourself
regulary.
- Use ---- or clean ---.
- Change sanitary napkins or homemade pads after every ---
as per the requirement.
- Dispose of the used sanitary napkins properly ---.
- Do not throw the used
napkins in the drainpipe of toilets or in the open area.
- After handling the napkin
wash hands with ---.
hygiene and sanitation
sanitary napkins
homemade pads
4–5 hrs
wrapping it with a used paper
soap
131
During --- (coitus) semen is released by the penis into the --- (---)
copulation
vagina- insemination
132
The --- swim rapidly, pass through the ---, enter into the uterus and finally reach the --- of the
fallopian tube
motile sperms
cervix
ampullary region
133
The --- released by the ovary is also transported to the ampullary region where fertilisation takes place.
ovum
134
Fertilisation can only occur if the
ovum and sperms are transported
--- to the ampullary region.
This is the reason why not all
copulations lead to ----
simultaneously
fertilisation and pregnancy.
135
The process of fusion of a sperm
with an ovum is called --- .
fertilisation
136
During fertilisation, a sperm comes in contact with the ---- of the ovum and induces --- in the membrane that block the entry of ---.
zona pellucida layer
changes
additional sperms
137
Thus, it ensures that only --- can
fertilise an ovum.
one sperm
138
The secretions of the --- help the sperm enter into the--- of the ovum through the zona pellucida and the plasma membrane
This induces the completion of the --- of the secondary oocyte.
acrosome, cytoplasm
meiotic division
139
The second meiotic division is also unequal and results in the formation of a ---- and ----.
second polar body and a haploid ovum (ootid)
140
Soon the haploid nucleus of the sperms and that of the ovum fuse together to form a ----
diploid zygote.
141
One has to remember that the sex of the baby has been decided at ----stage itself.
zygote/ fertilisation
142
human female is XX and that in the male is XY. Therefore, all the haploid gametes (ova) produced by the female have the sex chromosome--- whereas
in the male gametes (sperms) the sex chromosome could be ---
hence, 50 per cent of sperms carry the X chromosome while the other 50 per cent carry the Y.
X
either X or Y,
143
After fusion of the male and female gametes the zygote would carry either XX or XY depending on whether the --- carrying X
or Y fertilised the ovum.
sperm
144
The zygote carrying XX would develop into a female baby and XY would form a male
That is why, scientifically it is correct to say that the
sex of the baby is determined by the ----
father and not by the mother!
145
The ---- starts as the zygote moves through the isthmus of the oviduct called ---- towards the --- and forms 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter cells called ----.
mitotic division
cleavage
uterus
blastomeres
146
The embryo with --- blastomeres is called a morula
8 to 16
147
The morula continues to
divide and transforms into --- as it moves further ----.
blastocyst
into the uterus
148
The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into an outer layer called --- and an inner group of cells attached to trophoblast called the ---
trophoblast
inner cell mass.
149
The --- then gets attached to the endometrium and the inner cell mass gets ---- .
trophoblast layer
differentiated as the embryo
150
After attachment, the --- divide rapidly and covers the blastocyst.
uterine cells
151
As a result, the blastocyst becomes embedded in the ----
called implantation and it leads to ---
endometrium of the uterus
pregnancy
152
After implantation, --- appear on the trophoblast called --- which are surrounded by the ---- and ----.
finger-like projections
chorionic villi
uterine tissue and maternal
blood
153
The chorionic villi and uterine tissue become --- with each other and jointly form a --- and --- between
developing embryo (---) and maternal body called ----
interdigitated
structural and functional unit
foetus
placenta
154
The placenta facilitate the supply of ---, ---- to the embryo and also removal of ----, ---- materials
produced by the embryo.
oxygen and nutrients
carbon dioxide and excretory/waste
155
The placenta is connected to the embryo through an ---- which helps in the transport of substances to and from the embryo.
umbilical cord
156
Placenta also acts as an --- tissue and produces several hormones like ---, ---, ---, ----, etc.
endocrine
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), estrogens, progestogens
157
In the later phase of pregnancy, a hormone called --- is also secreted by the OVARY
relaxin
158
---, --- and --- are produced in women only during pregnancy
hCG, hPL and relaxin
159
In addition, during pregnancy
the levels of other hormones
like ----- (5) etc., are increased severalfolds in the maternal blood.
estrogens, progestogens,
cortisol, prolactin, thyroxine,
160
Increased production of these
hormones is essential for
supporting the -----, --- and ----
fetal growth,
metabolic changes in the mother and maintenance of pregnancy.
161
Immediately after implantation, the ---- (embryo) differentiates into an outer layer called ---- and an inner layer called ----. A --- soon appears between the ectoderm and the endoderm.
inner cell mass
ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm
162
These three layers give rise to --- in adults.
all tissues (organs)
163
The inner cell mass contains certain cells called ---- which have the potency to give rise to all the tissues and organs.
stem cells
164
The human pregnancy lasts ---.
9 months
165
In human beings, after one month of pregnancy, the embryo’s
--- is formed.
heart
166
The first sign of growing foetus may be noticed by ---- sound carefully through the --- .
listening to the heart
stethoscope
167
By the end of the second month of pregnancy, the foetus develops ---
limbs and digits.
168
By the end of 12 weeks (first ---), most of the ---- are formed, for example, the --- and ---- are well developed.
trimester
major organ systems
limbs and external genital organs
169
The first movements of the foetus is in the ------
fifth month
170
In the 5th month, ---- and appearance of ---- .
first movt of foetus
hair on head
171
By the end of about 24 weeks (---), the ----,---- and ---- are formed .
end of second trimester
body is covered with fine hair
eye-lids separate, and eyelashes are formed
172
By the end of nine months
of pregnancy, the foetus is --- and is ready for delivery.
fully developed
173
The average duration of human pregnancy is about --- which is called the ----
9 months, gestation period.
174
----- contraction of the uterus at the end of pregnancy causes --- of the foetus.
Vigorous
expulsion/delivery
175
This process of delivery of the foetus (---) is called -----.
childbirth
parturition
176
Parturition is induced by a ---- mechanism.
complex neuroendocrine
177
The signals for parturition originate from the--- and the ---- which induce mild uterine contractions called ------.
fully developed foetus
placenta
foetal ejection reflex
178
Mild uterine contractions triggers release of ---- from the ---.
oxytocin
maternal pituitary
179
Oxytocin acts on the ---- and causes stronger uterine contractions, which in turn stimulates further secretion of oxytocin.
uterine muscle
180
The ---- between the uterine contraction and oxytocin secretion continues resulting in ----.
stimulatory reflex
stronger and stronger contractions
181
This leads to expulsion of the baby
out of the uterus through the ---- – parturition.
birth canal
182
Soon after the infant is delivered, the ---- is also expelled out of the ---.
placenta
uterus
183
The mammary glands of the female undergo ---- during pregnancy and starts producing milk ---- the process called lactation.
differentiation
towards the end of pregnancy by
184
Lactation helps the mother in --- the newborn.
feeding
185
The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called
--- which contains ---- absolutely essential to ---- for the new-born babies.
colostrum
SEVERAL antibodies
develop resistance
186
---- during the initial period of ---- is recommended by doctors for bringing up a healthy baby.
Breast-feeding
infant growth
187
The process of childbirth is called parturition which is induced by a
complex neuroendocrine mechanism involving ---- , --- and ---
cortisol, estrogens and oxytocin
