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A Level Business > Human Resource Management > Flashcards

Human Resource Management Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Define organisation by division

A

Divisions geographically separated
Most multinational/ large companies

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2
Q

What are the advantages of organisation by division?

A
  1. Specialised divisions with one clear manager= good communication
  2. Specialise employees when dividing by product= good quality
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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of organisation by division?

A
  1. With resources in the same country means same resources may have too many of the same things = diseconomies
  2. Bad communication= language, isolated division and cannot see the bigger picture of business and think their way is the best way= brand lose consistency
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4
Q

Define apprenticeship

A

Long term development programme for workers to learn job skills while they work through mixture of on the job training and study

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5
Q

What are the advantages of apprenticeships to the business?

A
  1. Increase employee retention
  2. Cost less than hiring someone externally
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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of apprenticeships to business?

A
  1. increase costs as having o invest resources
  2. Need managers willing to help train the apprentice
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7
Q

Define training needs analysis

A

The process of identifying the gap between current knowledge and required knowledge so that a training plan can be created

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8
Q

What are the 4 steps of training needs analysis?

A
  1. Information collected
  2. Observations within workplace
  3. Feedback collected and analysed
  4. Training decisions
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9
Q

Define appraisals

A

Formal assessment of an employees performance

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10
Q

Define labour turnover

A

Measuring the number of employees who have left the business

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11
Q

What is the formula in calculating labour turnover?

A

Number of employees leaving during the year / average number of employees during the year X100

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12
Q

Define absenteeism

A

Non- attendance at work which can be authorised or non-authorised

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13
Q

Equation for absenteeism?

A

Total days absent in the month / total available working days in the month X100

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14
Q

Equation for lateness

A

Total number of late arrivals / total number of scheduled attendances X100

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

What are the 4 main styles of leadership (lewin)

A
  1. Autocratic
  2. Paternalistic
  3. Democratic
  4. Laissez- faire
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17
Q

Define autocratic

A

Full control of decision making
Employees have little to no input

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18
Q

Define paternalistic

A

Leader is seen as a father figure where the leader explains to employees as to why they have taken certain actions

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19
Q

Define democratic

A

Delegation
Employees have greater involvement in decision making
Leader still has the final say

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20
Q

Define laissez faire

A

Gives employees little direction
All empowerment and responsibilities on employees

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21
Q

What are the 5 leadership theories?

A
  1. Theory x and theory y
  2. Blake and moutons leadership grid
  3. Carlyle and Gaston’s trait theory
  4. Tannenbaum and Schmidts contingency approach
  5. John Adair
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22
Q

What is theory x and theory y?

A

This is how a leader perceives staff

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23
Q

What is theory x?

A

Lazy, dislike work and responsibility
Motivated by money
Lower skilled industry- factory

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24
Q

What is theory y?

A

Positively treat employees= employees are motivated= more productivity
Opposite of theory x

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25
What is Blake and moutons leadership grid?
The chart gives you an idea of your leadership style- authoritarian leader, team leader, country club, improverished
26
What is country club leader?
Low task, high people
27
What is impoverished leader?
Low task, low people
28
What is team leader?
High task, high people
29
What is the Carlyle and gallons trait theory?
5 characteristics exhibited by successful leaders: 1. Motivational 2. Integrity 3. Self- confidence 4. Creativity 5. Intelligence
30
What is tannenabum and schmidts contingency approach?
4 styles of leadership behaviour: 1. Tell 2. Sell 3. Consult 4. Join Tell and sell focuses on use of authority
31
What is john adairs theory
Focuses on the functions that leaders must perform to ensure that a teams goals are met Balancing the needs of the task, individual and team. All three elements in harmony
32
Define management
Process of coordinating the activities of a business in order to achieve defined objectives
33
Define functions of management
Set of core activities which define the role of managers in a business environment
34
Define redundancy
Form of dismissal happens when the workforce need to be reduced as position no longer exists
35
Define dismissal
Termination of the contract of employment of an employee as result of disciplinary procedure
36
What is ACAS?
Advisory, communication, arbitration service Only advice not legal Offered impartial advice, can make a final decision in disputes
37
Define motivation
Strong desire to act in a particular way and achieve result
38
What does Mclelland believe?
Employees have dominated needs to motivate them which manages should identify these so they can be motivated
39
What are the 3 needs Mclelland said?
1. Achievement 2. Affiliation 3. Power
40
Disadvantages of Mclelland theory
1. Assumes that everyone fits into one of the 3 categories which might not benefit the organisation 2. The team may feel resented and neglected so they’d feel demotivated- also if they don’t like the manager
41
What is Taylor’s theory?
Scientific approach Obey the orders given and do it quickly- autocratic style Reward based on productivity
42
What are the limitations of Taylor?
1. More suited to factory jobs not creative 2. Can demotivate staff and make them resentful towards the employer and leave the business
43
What is Mayo’s theory on motivation?
Believed workers could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work Workers best motivated by better communication between managers and employees, working in groups or teams Paternalistic style of management
44
What are the limitations of Mayo’s theory?
1. If you don’t have skillful managers that fit the style then it wont work 2. This is only one view and may not suit the business= better to mix the styles together
45
What is Herzberg theory on motivation?
2 factor theory Motivators- responsibility at work, achievement and recognition Hygiene (factors that can demotivate if not present but they don’t motivate themselves ) = pay and financial rewards, working conditions
46
What are the limitations of Herzburg?
1. Workers may consider factors in different ways as pay may be highly motivating 2. May be a challenge to enrich and empower low skill workers
47
What are Maslows hierarchy of needs?
Self actualisation = personal growth Esteem= recognition Social= friendships Safety Physiological= shelter, water
48
What was Vrooms theory for motivation?
Expectancy theory Suggest that employees will make a choice to behave in a certain way because they are motivated by what they expect the result of their choice to be
49
What is Vroom’s equation?
Expectancy x instrumentality x Valence = motivational force (Effort) (Performance). (Reward)
50
What are the limitations of Vroom’s theory?
1. Very subjective- each person is different on what motivates them 2. Expensive to implement- have to give rewards- also have to see if the theory is working
51
What is Drucker seen as?
King of management gurus Father of modern management
52
What was Drucker theory?
1. Believed good management was crucial 2. Decentralise and delayer business as much as possible to allow organisation freedom for managers = flat structure 3. People are an asset and not a cost to be minimised
53
What was Locke theory?
Goal setting theory Proposed employees like to have goals and enjoy working towards them
54
What are Locke’s 5 principles that should be followed when setting goals?
1. Clarity 2. Challenge 3. Feedback 4. Commitment 5. Task complexity
55
What are the limitations of Locke’s theory?
1. Employees may work towards the goals and disregard the other parts of their job 2. Requires monitoring and feedback which can be time consuming for the manager
56
What was Tom Peters theory?
Published book= In search of excellence How an organisation should try to gain excellence from all employees Employees need to be empowered and valued
57
Define trade union
Organised association of workers that seek through collective bargaining with employers
58
What are the responsibilities of a trade union?
1. Protect workers against unfair dismissal 2. Protect and improve incomes 3. Provide or improve job security
59
Define collective bargaining
Trade unions negotiate with employers on behalf of workers to secure better terms and conditions
60
61
Define strike action
Work stoppage initiated by employees to express a grievance or demand changes from their employer
62
What are the 5 type of flexible working practices?
1. Term- time working 2. Time off in lieu 3. Job sharing 4. Compressed hours 5. Annualised hours
63
What is term time working?
Working through different terms/ seasons
64
What is a benefit to the business of term time working?
Retain staff and attract skills, allows those with children to continue
65
What is time off in lieu?
When employees work extra hours business exchange those hours for holiday
66
What is a benefit to the business of time of in lieu?
Business don’t have to pay for overtime which reduces wage costs
67
What is job sharing?
Only 1 job but split between 2 people
68
What is a benefit to a business of job sharing?
Retain skillful staff, wider skills in business
69
What is compressed hours?
Same number of hours in a short amount of time, can get a day off
70
What is the benefit to a business of compressed hours?
Employees are more motivated and will work hard= retain employees
71
What is annualised hours?
Total number of hours in a year- flexible when those hours are done
72
What are the benefits to the business of annualised hours
Business can change working pattern when needed= businesses use employees when needed= better matching labour resources to demand
73
Define organisational culture
Unique collection of values which will shape the behaviour of the people within an organisation
74
What are the 3 things that affect organisational culture?
1. Physical 2. Values 3. Beliefs
75
Why is culture important?
1. Competitive advantage 2. Reduce staff turnover 3. Quality of hires

A Level Business (7 decks)

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