Human Structure And Function

Question 1

Define cell

Answer 1

A single unit or compartment enclosed by a border

Question 2

Rough ER vs Smooth Er

Answer 2

Rough (ribosomes) smooth (lipids and metabolism)

Question 3

Function of Golgi Apparatus

Answer 3

Secretes vesicles out of the cell. Encases proteins

Question 4

Name the 4 main tissue types and function
+ acronym

Answer 4

Eat cake more neatly

Epithelial- cover and protect
Connective- support
Muscle- movement
Neural- communication

Tissue- same cells

Question 5

Where do tissues arise from?

Answer 5

Three layered embryonic disk
Ectoderm - nervous system and cells
MESODERM - forms all other tissue
Endotherm - stomach and internal linings

Question 6

Important of mitochondria and ATP generation. 3 parts to ATP generation

Answer 6

Mitochondria- site of ATP production, energy molecule of the cell.
Glycolysis- anaerobic (produces 2 ATP)
Krebs cycle- aerobic (up to 34 ATP)
Electron transport chain- aerobic.

Question 7

Tuberosity

Answer 7

Rounded projection

Question 8

Condyle

Answer 8

Rounded projection underlying hyaline cartilage

Question 9

Epicondyle

Answer 9

Raised area above condyle

Question 10

Crest

Answer 10

Narrow prominent bridge

Question 11

Trochanter

Answer 11

Large blunt irregular surface

Question 12

Process

Answer 12

Any bony prominence

Question 13

Fissure

Answer 13

Narrow opening

Question 14

Foramen

Answer 14

Round or oval opening

Question 15

Fossa

Answer 15

Shallow, basin like depression

Question 16

Describe the components of a compact bone

Answer 16

Osteons, consist of a canal called the Haversian canal, surrounded by concentric lamellae. Between rings are osteocytes located in spaces called lacunae

Question 17

Haversian canal

Answer 17

Channels surrounding blood vessels and nerves

Question 18

Lacunae

Answer 18

Connect to each other and the Haversian canal through hair like canals canaliculi

Question 19

Volkmanns canals

Answer 19

Communicates with Haversian canals

Question 20

Describe components of the spongy bone and function

Answer 20

Function (absorbs shock) no osteons. Bone organised in irregularly arranged lamellae in the trabeculae in spongy bone. Red bone marrow often fills the spaces between trabeculae

Question 21

Name and secure the four types of bone cells

Answer 21

1) osteogenic cell, stem cells in the in the periosteum and endosperm turn into osteoblasts
2) osteoblasts, bone forming cells
3) osteoclasts, cells that reabsorb bone

Question 22

Layers of the long bone

Answer 22

Periosteum - sleeve that covers entirety of the bone, filters nutrients out
Compact bone, dense around shaft bone
Spongy bone
Endosteum, lining membrane of the bone marrow cavity
Medullary cavity , hollow space that contains bone marrow

Question 23

Long bone anatomy - articular cartilage

Answer 23

At synovial joint cavities, reduces shock and friction

Question 24

Long bone anatomy - epiphysis

Answer 24

Growth plates on either end of the long bone

Question 25

Epiphyseal line

Answer 25

Growth plate fusion point

Question 26

Metaphysis- long bone anatomy

Answer 26

Where vibe growth fuses, where red bone marrow occurs

Question 27

Long bone- diaphysis

Answer 27

Separates long bone from short bone, long bone shaft

Question 28

What is intramembranous ossification

Answer 28

No growth plates, bone forms with mesenchyme

Question 29

Describe fontanelles

Answer 29

Gaps that need to close up covered by soft connective tissue that bone mineralises to fill up spaces

Question 30

Describe endochondral ossification

Answer 30

Pre-existing hyaline cartilage is gradually replaced by bone cartilage from a bone collar. Cartilage from bone collar builds a diaphysis

Question 31

What is interstitial growth

Answer 31

Length of long bones

Question 32

What is appositional growth

Answer 32

Concentric growth and increases thickness

Question 33

Hormones involved in the neg feedback loop of regulating calcium levels

Answer 33

Blood levels low - parathyroid secretes Blood levels high - calcitonin secreted

Question 34

List the five types of fractures

Answer 34

1) simple 2) compound 3) green stick 4) comminuted 5) impacted

Question 35

Fibrous joint, def and examples

Answer 35

Def- no movement Sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses

Question 36

Types of sutures

Answer 36

Serrate (overlap) lap (side) plane (straight line)

Question 37

cartilaginous joint def

Answer 37

Joint surface involves hyaline cartilage

Question 38

What is primary cartilaginous joint called and example

Answer 38

Synchondrosis, connecting tissue made of hyaline cartilage. Epiphyseal growth plate, rib attached to sternum

Question 39

What is secondary cartilaginous joint called

Answer 39

Symphysis, ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage. Pubic symphysis

Question 40

Synovial joint def

Answer 40

Bone ends covered in hyaline cartilage, joint surrounded by capsule

Question 41

List the synovial joints

Answer 41

Hinge, pivot, ball and socket, condyloid, saddle and plane joint