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human systems Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  1. Transport nutrients And gases to tissues
  2. Form clots to prevent excess blood flow
  3. Carry cells and proteins that fight infection
  4. Bring waste products to kidney and liver that filter and clean blood
  5. Regulate body temperatures
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2
Q

Blood is a connective tissue with four major components

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Red blood cells
  3. White blood cells
  4. Platelets
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3
Q

Plasma? what is it

A

55% of blood is plasma
Yellow fluid and it’s 90% water
It also contains Dissolved gases , dissolves nutrients, plasma proteins, wastes (antibodies, hormones)

it’s PURPOSE is to take nutrients, hormones and proteins to parts the body needs it, and removes waste

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4
Q

Red blood cells? What are they? purpose?

A

44% of blood are red blood cells
It carries O2 from lungs to all parts of the body

They are biconcave discs With no nucleus
And they’re small
They originate from the bone marrow from nucleated stem cells
RBC’s lose their nucleus when they enter the bloodstream

purpose: Red blood cells carry oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our bodies. Then they make the return trip, taking carbon dioxide back to our lungs to be exhaled.

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5
Q

Function of red blood cells and lifespan

A

Transports O2 and CO2 to and from lungs and tissues including the protein hemoglobin = essential for transporting gases

Lifespan: 120 days

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6
Q

White blood cells? what are they?

A

1% of the blood are white blood cells and there are multiple types.
It’s PURPOSE is to help the body to fight infections

Produced in bone marrow and some types produced in lymph nodes

They range from the same size as RBC to twice as large

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7
Q

Function of white blood cells?

A

Attack foreign cells proteins and particles through the use of enzymes, phagocytosis, antibodies, and inducing inflammation

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8
Q

Platelets? What are they?

A

PURPOSE to prevent and stop bleeding

relative shape and size: fragmented, no nucleus, smallest
Origin: bone marrow
Function: initiates the blood clotting process by releasing the little protein thromboplastin
Lifespan: to 10 days

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9
Q

Two systems

A

Pulmonary system (to and from the lungs )

Systemic system (to and from the body)

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10
Q

What are the two main functions of the circulatory system

A
  1. Transport substances around the body
    O2 and CO2
    Nutrients and wastes
    Hormones
    Cells and chemicals from immune system
  2. Regulate body temperatures and pH
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11
Q

What are the three blood vessels and what are their functions

A
  1. Arteries - Carrie blood away from the heart, usually oxygenated
  2. Veins - Can we blood to heart, usually deoxygenated
  3. Capillaries - Where exchange of material happens with the body tissues
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12
Q

What is blood composed of ( 2 things)

A

Plasma 55%
Cells 45%

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13
Q

Three type of cells in blood

A

Red blood cells (ethyrocytes)
WBC ( leucocytes)
platelets

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14
Q

Arteries

A

There are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

They have thick walls composed of distinct layers

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15
Q

Arteries versus arterioles

A

Blood from arteries passes into smaller arteries called arterioles

Arterioles Lead to capillaries

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16
Q

Aneurysm

A

A birth defect or injury that causes the inner wall of the artery to bulge it’s dangerous because it can lead to serious problems

The thinner wall offers less support and eventually ruptures

Less oxygen and Nutrients are delivered to the tissues resulting in cell death

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17
Q

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels, less blood go to the tissues where the arterioles constrict..this reduces heat loss. (when ur cold)

vasodilation - widening of blood vessels, more blood move to the tissues where the arteries dilate. more heat to be carried by the blood to the skin (when ur hot)

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18
Q

Atherosclerosis

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A

The narrowing of arteries due to build up of a plaque and fat

19
Q

Capillaries

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A

Composed of a single layer of cells, and are the sites of fluid and gas exchange between blood and blood cells

They need to be leaky because it’s ideal for diffusion where gas and fluid exchange occurs

20
Q

Veins vs venules

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A

Venules are smaller veins, and they receive blood from capillaries

Veins have greater diameter and then they merge into venules

21
Q

Valves in the veins

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A

There r valves in the veins that open in one direction, steering blood toward the heart. They don’t allow blood back in the other direction

22
Q

2 main functions of the circulatory system

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A

Transport substances around the body

regulate body temperatures and pH

23
Q

3 main components of the circulatory system

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A

heart
blood
blood vessels

24
Q

Blood pressure is …?

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A

the force the blood exerts on the arterial walls
measured using sphygmomanometer
units mmHg

25
Systolic vs Diastolic
systolic is the pressure exterted when the blood goes from the atrium to the ventricles. "ventricular contraction". "Lub" sound. 90-120 Diastolic is the pressure exerted when the blood goes from ventricles out. "ventricular relaxation". "dub sound" 60-80
26
Blood pressure depends on two things...
I. Cardiac output: volume of blood pumped from heart in one minute. ii. arteriolar resistance: when arteries are constricted, BP is higher
27
cellular respiration (2 things + function)
I. requires oxygen ii. produces CO2 function: to allow gas exchange
28
Efficent gas exchange requires 3 points
I. lungs to have a large surface area (alveoli allow this) ii. moist surface to allow diffusion of O2 and CO2 between respiratory (alveoli) and circulatory system (capillaries) iii. small distance between system: alveoli & capillaries are only one cell thick, gas has only to diffuse through 2 cells to reach blood
29
pathway of an O2 molecule to circulatory system
enters through mouth or nose passes through pharynx past larynx into trachea into bronchus then bronchioles then alveoli then diffuses into circ system through capillaries
30
role of cilia
hair like projections the move dust, debris, and mucus out system by wave like action
31
Control of breathing?
We have some conscious control, however usually under subconscious control Rate of breathing is controlled by medulla oblongata which is a part of the brain
32
Factors controlling breathing (3)
1 carbon dioxide ( major factor) When concentration of CO2 in blood exceeds a certain level, Medela oblongata sends out nurse signals to initiate movement of muscles used in breathing 2. Oxygen ( minor factor) Chemoreceptors in blood vessels respond to low concentration of oxygen and send stimuli to medulla oblongata 3. Volume of air (minor factor) Inhaling deeply stretches receptors in alveoli, They sense this and send impulses to medulla oblongata to stop inhalation
33
Definitions. Cardiac output Stroke volume Heart rate
cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped from the body each minute Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during Each systolic cardiac output Heart rate is the number of the heart beats in a minute
34
Systolic versus diastolic pressure
Systolic is the pressure and arteries when heart beats Diastolic is the pressure in arteries when your heart rests
35
How does arterial resistance Affect blood pressure
As resistance increases, blood pressure increases, and flow decreases Constriction of the smooth muscles surrounding the arterial closest the opening and reduces blood flow through the arterial. Reduced flow equal more blood left in the artery
36
Factors that can result in a cardiovascular disorder
High levels of cholesterol in the blood smoking Diabetes mellitus Rapid weight gain or loss High blood pressure Lack of regular exercise Genetic factors including cogent problems
37
What is hypertension?
Hypertension is a high blood pressure, higher than 140 / 90 mmHg. It's caused by increased resistance to blood flow.
38
What is arrhythmia?
An irregular heartbeat. When a coronary artery is blocked, it delivers less blood and causes the heart to beat in an irregular pattern
39
How does exercise affect your heart rate explain
Exercise causes the heart to beat faster so that more blood gets out to your body, because the muscles need extra oxygen
40
How does exercise affect your blood pressure Explain
Regular exercise makes the heart stronger and that makes the heart pump more blood with less effort. Force on the arteries decrease. This lowers blood pressure
41
What is a heart murmur and why is there a whistling sound
A heart murmur is when the valves of the heart don't work as they are supposed to, it lets blood go through the false, which causes the whistling sound, because the blood is still going through the valve once they shut
42
how oxygen diffuses from capillaries to tissues.
Diffusion of Oxygen. Capillaries to Tissue 1. Partial pressure drops in capillaries 2. pH drops(relates to CO₂ converted to bicarbonate (HCO₂')) • Thus Hb affinity for O₂ decrease and O₂ is released into blood plasma When blood flows through capillaries, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the blood decreases due to the oxygen being taken up by the surrounding tissues. This decrease in PO2 creates a gradient between the blood in the capillaries and the tissues, causing oxygen to diffuse from the blood into the tissues. Furthermore, when CO2 is produced by the tissues, it diffuses into the blood and reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). This reaction leads to a decrease in pH in the blood, which causes a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) for oxygen. As a result, oxygen is released from Hb into the plasma and then diffuses into the tissues to meet the metabolic needs of the cells. The concentration of oxygen in the tissues is generally lower than in the capillaries, which creates a gradient that facilitates the diffusion of oxygen from the capillaries into the tissues. This gradient is known as the oxygen partial pressure gradient (LPP(O2)), which is the difference in the partial pressure of oxygen between the capillaries and the tissues.
43
CO2 diffusion (equation and pH)
CO2 + H2O --> H+ + HCO3- H+ result in the solution being more acidic. = lower pH

Biology 3U (5 decks)

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