human systems

Question 1

metabolic rate

Answer 1

Rate at which the body converts stored energy into working energy

depends on age, sex, health, physical activity and hereditary factors

Question 2

ectotherm vs endotherm

Answer 2

ectotherm = cold blooded, heated by the environment (lower metabolism; metabolism creates working energy/heat, since they get heated by their environment they do not require a faster metabolism)

endotherms = warm blooded, constant internal temp (higher metabolism, have to burn a larger quantity of fuel to keep steady internal body temperature)

Question 3

How do we measure energy? what is a calorie?

Answer 3

we measure energy in joules and kilojoules (kj = 1000j )

CALORIE= AMOUNT OF ENERGY NEEDED TO INCREASE 1GR OF WATER BY 1 DEGREE CEL

kilocalorie (Cal)
1 Cal = 1000 cal = 4.2 kj

Question 4

macro nutrients vs micro nutrients, organic vs inorganic food

Answer 4

Macro = carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
micro = vitamins, minerals

organic = carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins
inorganic = minerals, water

Question 5

simple carbs, complex carbs

Answer 5

simple carbs : monosaccharide (single unit, ie. glucose, fructose)

complex carbs:
disaccharide (two monosaccharides, ie.sucrose, lactose)

polysacchride (three or more monosacchrides)

Question 6

proteins

Answer 6

made from amino acids, joined by peptide bonds

Question 7

saturated vs unsaturated fats

Answer 7

saturated = max number of hydrogen atoms, creates a straight molecule (stacks really easily, therefore can create solids; butter etc)

unsaturated = less number of hydrogen atoms, creates a triangle molecule (doesnt stack, therefore creates liquids such as oil)

Question 8

water soluble vitamins

Answer 8

B and C

Question 9

enzymes for fats, proteins, starch

Answer 9

fats  = lipase
proteins = protease
starch = amylase

Question 10

major organs in the digestive system

Answer 10

mouth
pharynx
esophagus
liver
gallblader
pancreas
stomach
small intestine (doendeum, jenjenum, ileum)
llarge intestine (ascending, transcending, descending, sigmoid)
rectum

Question 11

pharynx

Answer 11

part of the throat, gets food from the oral cavity to the esophagus
swallowing begins here by involuntary muscles
larynx (voicebox) moves up, covering the glottis (opening to trachea) with the epiglotis to prevent food from going into the airway

Question 12

esophagus

Answer 12

tube going from the mouth to the stomach
gets food to the stomach through involuntary muscle contractions, PERISTALSIS
secretes mucus for lubrication

Question 13

stomach,

Answer 13

LOWER ESOPHAGAEL SPHINCTER = pinching part leading to the stomach, prevents bolus from re entering the esophagus

PYLORIC SPHINCTER = pinching part leading out of the stomach, controls the flow of chyme into the doendeum ch

GASTRIC SECRETIONS = stomach walls contract to mix the food with the gastric secretions, which consist of MUCUS, GASTRIN, HCI, PEPSINOGEN

Question 14

chyme

Answer 14

gastric juice and partially digested food

Question 15

mesentry

Answer 15

attaches organs into place (small intestine)

Question 16

small intestine

Answer 16

doendeum receives chyme from the pyloric sphincter, and bile from the gall bladder and liver, and enzymes from the pancreas

digestion finishes in the jenjunum (absorption starts) most of the absorption takes place in the ileum

fats are digested

Question 17

what does bile do

Answer 17

breaks down fats into fatty acids, allows for easier digestion

Question 18

large intestine

Answer 18

connects to the ilieum by the cecum
ABSORBS WATER, VITAMINS

ascending, transcending, decsnefing, sigmoid

Question 19

external respiration, internal respiration

Answer 19

external:
exchange of gases between alveolie and blood
oxygen goes into blood, co2 goes out of lungs

Internal:
exchange between blood in capilllaries and individual cells

internal = tissues
external = lungs

Question 20

Vital capacity, total capacity, tidal, experatory and inspiratory reserve

Answer 20

vital capacity = max amount of air that can go in and out of lungs (less than total capacity to prevent calapse)

total capacity = max air

tidal = normal air

expiratory reserve = air exhaled after tidal breath
inspiratory reserve = air inhaled after tidal breath