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PSYCH 107 > Humanistic Theories > Flashcards

Humanistic Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

What two areas primarily contributed to the evolution of humanistic psychology?

A

European existential philosophy and the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

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2
Q

What does existential therapy emphasize?

A

The freedom to choose and develop a lifestyle that reduces feelings of emptiness, anxiety, and boredom.

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3
Q

What is the emphasis of personal responsibility in the humanistic approach?

A

We are ultimately responsible for what happens to us and our behavior is a personal choice.

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4
Q

Why is the here and now important in humanistic psychology?

A

We cannot become fully functioning individuals until we learn to live our lives as they happen.

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5
Q

What is meant by focusing on the experience of the individual in humanistic therapy?

A

Therapists seek to understand what their clients are experiencing and provide an atmosphere for self-help.

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6
Q

What is personal growth according to humanistic psychology?

A

It is the drive toward self-actualization and progressing toward a satisfying state of being.

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7
Q

What are the five basic categories of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy?

A
  • Physiological Needs
  • Safety Needs
  • Love and Belongingness Needs
  • Esteem Needs
  • Self-Actualization Needs
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8
Q

What defines deficit needs in Maslow’s hierarchy?

A

Needs that result from a lack of some needed object and can cause crisis.

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9
Q

What are growth needs according to Maslow?

A

Less necessary for survival, they contribute to personal growth and fulfillment.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: Physiological needs include _______.

A

hunger, thirst, air, sleep.

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11
Q

What do safety needs encompass?

A

The need for security, stability, protection, and freedom from fear.

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12
Q

What is the importance of love and belongingness needs?

A

They can be expressed through close relationships and the need to both give and receive love.

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13
Q

What are the two levels of esteem needs?

A
  • Reputation
  • Self-esteem
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14
Q

What does self-actualization entail?

A

Identifying one’s true self and reaching full potential.

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15
Q

What conditions are necessary for achieving self-actualization?

A
  • Free from societal constraints
  • Not distracted by lower-order needs
  • Secure self-image and relationships
  • Realistic knowledge of strengths and weaknesses
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16
Q

What are aesthetic needs in Maslow’s hierarchy?

A

The motivation for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences.

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17
Q

What are cognitive needs according to Maslow?

A

The desire to know, solve mysteries, and understand.

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18
Q

What are neurotic needs?

A

Nonproductive needs that serve as compensation for unsatisfied basic needs.

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19
Q

What happens when basic needs are not satisfied?

A

Pathology or psychological issues may arise.

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20
Q

What are instinctoid needs?

A

Innately determined needs that, when thwarted, produce pathology.

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21
Q

How do higher and lower needs differ?

A

Higher needs appear later in development and produce more happiness.

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22
Q

What is the Jonah Complex?

A

The fear of being one’s best and the intense emotion accompanying perfection.

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23
Q

What is the aim of therapy in humanistic psychology?

A

For clients to embrace the Being values such as truth, justice, and goodness.

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24
Q

Who is Carl Rogers?

A

An influential humanistic psychologist known for his Person-Centered Theory.

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25
What is a key feature of Carl Rogers' upbringing?
He experienced a strict religious upbringing that suppressed emotional expression.
26
How did Carl Rogers' experiences shape his views?
His solitude led him to depend on his own resources and develop a personal view of the world.
27
What is the core of Carl Rogers' therapeutic approach?
Creating a non-directive therapeutic atmosphere that allows clients to help themselves.
28
What are B-values in Rogers' theory?
Values that encompass truth, justice, goodness, and simplicity.
29
What characterizes self-actualizing people?
* Efficient perception of reality * Acceptance of self and others * Problem-centering * Continued freshness of appreciation * Peak experiences
30
What significant event changed Rogers into a more liberal thinker?
His attendance at a student religious conference in China ## Footnote Rogers spent 6 months in China, which influenced his independence from his parents' religious views.
31
Describe Rogers's personality traits as he characterized himself.
Shy, solitary, dreamy, and often lost in fantasy.
32
What was Rogers's method of coping with loneliness?
He read incessantly, any book he could find.
33
In what year did Rogers graduate from the University of Wisconsin?
1924.
34
What career did Rogers initially prepare for after graduating?
A career as a minister.
35
What led Rogers to question his religious beliefs during his studies?
His studies in Theology.
36
What renewed interest did Rogers develop while at Columbia University?
Psychology.
37
What awards did Rogers receive during his career?
* Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award * Distinguished Professional Contribution Award
38
What did Rogers found in 1963?
The Center for Studies of the Person.
39
What was the focus of Rogers in the last 15 years of his life?
Issues of social conflict and world peace.
40
What are the two basic assumptions of Rogers's Person-Centered Theory?
* Formative Tendency * Actualizing Tendency
41
Define the Actualizing Tendency.
The tendency to move towards completion or fulfillment, encompassing all physiological and psychological needs.
42
What does a Fully Functioning Person do?
Pays attention to the organismic valuing process and is self-actualizing.
43
What are the two self-subsystems proposed by Rogers?
* The Ideal Self * The Self-Concept
44
What is the Ideal Self?
One's view of self as one wishes to be.
45
What does the Self-Concept include?
All aspects of one’s being and experiences perceived in awareness.
46
Fill in the blank: A self-concept does not make change ______.
impossible.
47
What are the three levels of awareness in Rogers's theory?
* Ignored or denied * Accurately symbolized * Distorted form
48
What does Positive regard refer to?
Acceptance, love, and approval from other people.
49
What is unconditional positive regard?
Approval granted regardless of a person’s behavior.
50
Define conditions of worth.
A belief that we are worthy of approval only when we express desirable behaviors.
51
What is incongruence in Rogers's theory?
When experiences are incompatible with our self-concept, leading to anxiety.
52
What are the two forms of defensiveness identified by Rogers?
* Distortion * Denial
53
What did Rogers reject regarding diagnostic labels?
He considered them pseudoscientific efforts that glorify the therapist's expertise.
54
What characterizes the Person-Centered Therapy approach?
Direction comes from the client rather than the therapist.
55
What are the three necessary conditions for effective Person-Centered Therapy?
* Congruence * Unconditional Positive Regard * Empathy
56
What traits would the Person of Tomorrow exhibit according to Rogers?
* More adaptable * Open to experiences * Live fully in the moment * Harmonious relations with others * More integrated * Basic trust of human nature * Greater richness in life
57
What are the three personality dimensions in Eysenck's model?
* Extraversion * Neuroticism * Psychoticism
58
What is the principal difference between extraverts and introverts?
Cortical arousal level.
59
What does high neuroticism indicate?
A tendency to overreact emotionally.
60
What are the three types of data used by Cattell?
* L Data * Q Data * T Data
61
What are cardinal traits according to Allport?
A ruling passion that dominates behavior.
62
What is functional autonomy?
The motives of mature adults are not connected to prior experiences.
63
What is the Five Factor Model also known as?
The Big Five.
64
What degree did he earn from Clark University?
Undergraduate degree in psychology ## Footnote He also earned a PhD from the University of Chicago.
65
In what year did he begin working with Robert McCrae?
1978 ## Footnote He started at the National Institute of Aging.
66
What is the Big Five considered in terms of classification?
Taxonomy ## Footnote A taxonomy is a classification of things according to their natural relationships.
67
What is a theory in scientific terms?
A set of abstract concepts developed about a group of facts/events to explain them ## Footnote It allows scientists to formulate testable hypotheses.
68
What does openness to experience concern?
Willingness to try new things, vulnerability, and ability to think outside the box ## Footnote High O scorers prefer variety, while low O scorers prefer familiarity.
69
What characterizes someone high on the conscientiousness scale?
Ordered, controlled, organized, ambitious, achievement-focused, and self-disciplined ## Footnote Low scorers are negligent, lazy, disorganized, and aimless.
70
What does extraversion relate to?
Where an individual draws their energy from and how they interact with others ## Footnote High E scorers are affectionate and talkative; low E scorers exhibit opposing traits.
71
How do high agreeableness scorers behave?
Trusting, generous, yielding, acceptant, and good-natured ## Footnote Low A scorers are generally suspicious and critical.
72
What does neuroticism encompass?
One's emotional stability and general temper ## Footnote High N scorers are anxious and emotional; low N scorers have opposite characteristics.
73
What is a strength of trait theories?
Used empirical objective measures ## Footnote This leads to less bias and subjectivity.
74
What is a criticism of trait theories?
Does not explain the development of traits ## Footnote It also lacks an agreed-upon framework.
75
What does the concept of humanity in this context prioritize?
Conscious over unconscious ## Footnote It also emphasizes biology over social influence.
76
Fill in the blank: The collaboration between Costa and McCrae has produced over ______ co-authored research articles.
200 ## Footnote This includes research articles and chapters, as well as several books.
77
True or False: The Big Five has high internal consistency.
False ## Footnote It is rated moderate to low in internal consistency.
78
What do high scorers in agreeableness tend to exhibit?
Trusting, generous, yielding, acceptant, good-natured ## Footnote Low scorers tend to be suspicious and critical.
79
What does conscientiousness facilitate?
Goal-directed behavior ## Footnote It involves controlling impulses and acting in socially acceptable ways.

PSYCH 107 (2 decks)

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