Humanities Clep* Flashcards
(150 cards)
0
Q
What is an an Allegory?
A
An allegory is a story in which the characters (people, active objects or animals) represent abstract ideas or qualities, such as goodness, evil, love, death, lust, greed.
Two famous allegories are The Faerie Queen and Pilgrim’s Progress
1
Q
Why study Humanities?
A
The purpose of studying the humanities is to increase general knowledge and appreciation of life.
2
Q
What is Alliteration?
A
The repetition of initial consonant sounds, or any vowel sounds in successive words or syllables
3
Q
What is an apostrophe?
A
The addressing of a person or thing not actually present.
This device first appeared in literature as an invocation of (or prayer to) the Muses that opened Greek poetry and epics.
4
Q
In Shakespeare’s tragic play, Romeo and Juliet, when Juliet is alone on her balcony and says “O, Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?”
What is this an example of?
A
Apostrophe
5
Q
What is denouement?
A
The final unraveling of the plot in any work that tells a story.
6
Q
What is Didacticism?
A
Literature whose primary aim is to expound some moral, political, or other teaching.
7
Q
What is an epic?
A
An epic is a long narrative poem written in lofty style, presenting characters of high social position in a series of adventures. The action is tied to one central figure of heroic proportions and the whole poem details the history of a nation or race.
8
Q
What are some examples of an epic?
A
- The Illiad and The Odyssey (written around 850 B.C.) by the Ancient Greek poet, Homer.
- The Aeneid (20 B.C.) by the Latin poet, Vergil
- Beowulf (725A.D) an English tale of unknown authorship
- The Divine Comedy (1321) by the Italian, Dante
- Paradise Lost (1667) John Milton, an Englishman
9
Q
A gross exaggeration for effect, not to be taken literally, is called what?
A
Hyperbole
10
Q
What is an example of an hyperbole?
A
We use hyperbole in everyday speech to color and enliven conversation, or to make a point about something.
The expressions:
- It was so hot I thought I’d sweat to death
- There were a million ants at the picnic
11
Q
The language to represent things, actions or ideas in a descriptive manner is called —?
A
Imagery
• Imagery is detailed literary scenery that appeals to the physical senses.
12
Q
What is Irony?
A
Contradiction between a situation in a story as it appears to the characters, and truth as the audience knows it. The audience alone understands the ironic moment; the characters do not.
13
Q
What is an example of Irony?
A
• Oedipus Rex
Despite the efforts of Oedipus and his father, the events told by the Oracle of Delphi still occur, because of their efforts.
14
Q
What is a metaphor?
A
An implied comparison between two normally unrelated things, indicating a likeness of analogy between them.
- His room is a garbage dump.
- War is hell
- The new teacher brought order to the zoo.
15
Q
What is Onomatopoeia?
A
The use of words whose sound suggests it’s meaning.
Example:
• Hiss, buzz, sizzle, and slam
16
Q
What is personification?
A
A figure of speech that gives human traits (thoughts, action, feeling) to animals, objects and ideas.
Example:
• George Orwell’s book, Animal Farm is replete with personification of a farm full of animals who overthrow their cruel human master and set up a government.
17
Q
A form of writing that blends criticism with humor and wit, ridiculing a person or an institution with the purpose of inspiring reform is called —?
A
Satire
• Jonathan Swift (Gulliver’s travels)
18
Q
What is a simile?
A
A direct comparison between two unlike things, using connectives such as “like” and “as.”
- John swims like a fish
- He eats like a horse
- The building is as tall as a mountain
19
Q
What is symbolism?
A
The use of an object to represent another idea or object. Symbols are used by authors to recreate in their readers feelings of truth that are impossible to communicate verbally.
- In Herman Melville’s novel, Moby Dick, a great white whale, symbolizes evil.
- A flowing river is a popular symbol for life
20
Q
The central or dominating idea of a work (includes movies, paintings, and all works of art) is called —?
A
The theme
21
Q
What is an example of denouement?
A
- The denouement of Romeo and Juliet is the double suicide of the lovers
- The denouement of Moby Dick by Herman Melville is the death of Captain Ahab while harpooning for the great, white whale.
22
Q
What two elements are involved in the writing and reading of poetry?
A
Meter and foot
23
Q
In poetry, what is a meter?
A
The repeating pattern of stressed and UNstressed syllables established in a line of poetry. The stressed syllable is also called the accented or “long” syllable. The UNstressed syllable is known as he U accented or “short” syllable.
24
In poetry, what is a foot?
One unit meter in poetry. Each unit of the repeated pattern in a line may be counted, and the length of the line is expressed by the number of feet.
25
Name of Foot:
IAMB—
A two-syllable foot with the stress on the second syllable. This is he most common foot in English language poetry.
• The repeating pattern is short-syllable—long syllable
Example:
A book of verses underneath the bough.
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Name of Foot:
Trochee—
Consists of stressed syllable followed by an UNstressed syllable
• The repeating pattern is long-short, opposite of the lamb.
Example:
Double, Double, toil and trouble
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Name of Foot:
Anapest—
Consist of three syllables with the stress on the last syllable.
• The repeating pattern is short-short-long
Example:
With the sheep in the fold and the cows in their stalls.
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Name of Foot:
Dactyl—
Contains three syllables with the stress on the first syllable.
• It is the reverse of the anapest. The pattern is long-short-short.
Example:
Love again, song again, nest again, young again
29
Name of Foot:
Spondee—
Consists of two stressed syllables. Compound words are examples of spondees.
• The repeating pattern is long-long
Example:
• Heartbreak, Childhood, Football
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Name of Foot:
Pyrrhic—
Consists of two unstressed syllables.
• Repeating pattern is short-short
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Name of Line:
Monometer
Number of Feet:
One-foot line
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Name of Line:
Dimeter
Number of Feet:
Two-foot line
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Name of Line:
Trimeter
Number of Feet:
Three-foot line
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Name of Line:
Tetrameter
Number of Feet:
Four-foot line
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Name of Line:
Pentameter
Number of Feet:
Five-foot line
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Name of line:
Hexameter
Number of Feet:
Six-foot line
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Name of Line:
Heptameter
Number of Feet:
Seven-foot line
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Name of Line:
Octometer
Number of Line:
Eight-foot line
39
Stories passed down from generation to generation from ancient people is called ---?
Oral tradition
40
Rhyme is described, generally three times of verse forms:
1) Rhyme verse
2) Blank verse
3) Free verse
41
Described rhyme verse.
Poetry that rhymes at the ends of lines
42
Described black verse.
Poetry written in IAMBIC pentameter without end rhyme.
• Shakespeare's works and all epics in English use this form.
43
Describe free verse.
Consists of lines that do not have a regular meter and do not rhyme.
44
What is the oldest record of Greece and the earliest work of literary importance?
The Iliad. Written around 1,000 B.C., the long, narrative poem contains stories of a civilized people whom modern society descends intellectually, artistically, and politically.
45
Who was Zeus?
(King of the gods)
Roman name: Jupiter
Domain: Rain, clouds, thunderbolts
46
Who was Hera?
(Queen of the gods)
Roman name: Juno
Domain: Marriage; married women
47
Who was Poseidon?
(God of the waters, earthquakes, and horses, and brother of Zeus)
Roman name: Neptune
Domain: The sea
48
Who was Hades?
(The God of the netherworld and dispenser of earthly riches.)
Roman name: Pluto
Domain: Underworld, wealth
49
Who was Phoebus Apollo?
(God of prophecy, music, medicine, and poetry, sometimes identified with the sun)
Roman name: Apollo
Domain: Sun, light, truth, healing
50
Who was Aphrodite?
(Goddess of love and beauty)
Roman name: Venus
Domain: Love, beauty
51
Who was Pallas Athena?
(Goddess of wisdom and useful arts and prudent warfare)
Roman name: Minerva
Domain: Wisdom
52
Who was Ares?
(God of War)
Roman name: Mars
Domain: War
53
Who was Artemis?
(Virgin goddess of the hunt and moon and twin sister of Apollo)
Roman name: Diana
Domain: Wildlife
54
Who were the Muses?
Any of the nine daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus, each whom presided over a different art or science
Domain: Inspiration for literature, science and the arts
55
Who was Hermes?
(God of commerce, invention, cunning, and theft, who also served as messenger, scribe, and herald for the other gods)
Roman name: Mercury
Domain: Commerce; Zeus's messenger
56
Who was Dionysus?
(God of wine and orgiastic religion celebrating he power of fertility and nature.
Roman name: Bacchus
Domain: Wine, theatre
57
What is the story of the Iliad about?
The Great War between the United armies of Greece and the powerful city-state of Troy over Helen, the most beautiful women in the land.
58
What is The Odyssey about?
The story of Odysseus's wanderings and misfortunes as he tries to make his way home to Greece from conquered Troy.
59
How many plays did Aeschylus write and what were they about?
He wrote 72 plays, 7 of which are still extant today:
* Prometheus Bound, the story of creation and the rise of Zeus to king of heaven
* The Persians and the Suppliants, plays honoring Greek military victories
* The Seven Against Thebes
* Agamemnon
* The Libation Pourers
* The Furies
60
Who was Sophocles?
(497—406 B.C) lived during the Golden Age of Greece.
At the young of 28 he defeated Aeschylus in the annual Athenian drama competition. His plays portray the capacity for human error in actions and judgements, the depravity of evil and man's limitless suffering for it.
61
Among Sophocles plays are:
* Ajax, the story of the humiliation and suicide of Greece's great warrior at Troy
* Electra, about fruitless vengeance
* Antigone, a trips suicide resulting from lack of reason and corruption
* Oedipus the King, a play of patricide, incest and suicide
62
What did Euripides write?
About ethics, politics, pacifism, and the conflicts caused when leaders attempt to be rational and humanitarian.
Among his great works are:
* Medea
* Electra
* Hecuba
* Hippolytus
* Iphigenia at Aulis
• The Trojan Women, detailing the tragedy of war through the example of the fall of Troy
63
What was the common language in Rome?
Latin; everything in the Roman world was written in Latin.
• Roman writing is called Latin literature.
64
Who was Vergil?
(70-19 B.C) was the greatest Latin author, and wrote the epic the Aeneid.
65
Explain the epic, Beowulf.
An epic poem written in old English around 700-800, it is one of the most important pieces of Anglo-Saxon literature.
66
Who wrote the Divine Comedy and what was it about?
Dante Alighieri an Italian who lived from 1265 to 1321.
• Written in three parts, The Divine Comedy details the author's journey through Hell, Purgatory and Heaven, guided by an angel.
67
In what format was The Canterbury Tales written?
Middle English
68
Who was William Shakespeare?
(1564-1616)
Acknowledged as the greatest writer of English. His plays exhibit boundless knowledge of topics from law, seamanship, play production, and history to chivalry, philosophy, religion, and medicine. Shakespeare's greatest insight was into the human mind.
69
Shakespeare's plays are classified by four main types. What are they?
* Comedies
* Tragedy
* History Play
* Romances
70
Shakespeare's plays are classified by four main types. Describe the type comedies?
Comedies are plays which have denouements favorable to the protagonists. Although the events of the play may include death, suffering, sorrow, illness, bad luck or any kind of unfavorable occupancy, the ending leaves the protagonists in happy circumstances.
71
What are some examples of Shakespeare's comedy plays?
* A Midsummer Night's Dream, the story of mismatched lovers and mischievous carries in forest
* The Merchant of Venice, in which a merchant who borrows money and pledges his flesh as collateral is saved from death
* The Comedy of Errors, the reunion of two sets of long-lost twin brothers
72
Shakespeare's plays are classified by four main types. Describe the type Tragedy?
The converse of comedy in its classical definition. A play may be called a tragedy when the protagonist reaches an unfavorable end, usually death. The denouement is unfortunate for the hero or heroes.
73
What are some examples of Shakespeare's Tragedy plays?
* Hamlet, a play about the murder of a king and his son's responsibility to avenge it
* Romeo and Juliet, in which "star-crossed" lovers come from feuding families, and circumstances bring about their double suicide.
* Othello, the murder of a faithful, loving queen by her enraged, jealous husband over rumors that layer prove false.
74
Shakespeare's plays are classified by four main types. Describe the type history plays?
The history plays that Shakespeare wrote take events of English royal history for their subjects. While the actual words of the characters are fictionalization, the events are largely true.
75
What are some examples of Shakespeare's History plays?
* Henry VI, Parts I, II, III
* Richard II, the story of the "Sun King," who was more concerned with the trappings of royalty than ruling well and was overthrown by Henry Bolingbroke (King Henry IV)
76
Shakespeare's plays are classified by four main types. Describe the type romances?
Shakespeare's romances are a special group. They can not be classified as comedy or tragedy, although they contain elements of both. Their meanings are cloudy; the protagonists are not in completely tragic circumstances but they are not fully happy, either.
77
What are some examples of Shakespeare's romances?
* The Tempest
* Cymbeline
* Pericles
78
In what year was the Renaissance largely counted as finished?
The year 1625, when thinkers and writers of the time took on new goals.
79
Around 1625, England underwent political change with the coming of power of who?
Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan of the period who was dictator.
80
What was the Neoclassical Period?
Refocused on humanism back to the spiritual, scientific, rational values, took hold much as it had for the ancient Greeks.
"Neo" is a Latin prefix meaning "new."
81
Who were some writers who excelled in the Neoclassical Period?
* John Milton
* Alexander Pope
* Jonathan Swift
82
Who was John Milton?
(1608-1674)
• Is held by many scholars to be the second-greatest writer of English literature, next to Shakespeare. He is best known for his epic poem, Paradise Lost.
83
What was Paradise Lost, John Milton's best epic poem about?
Foretells of a war for control of the universe between one faction led by God and Jesus and another led by the angel Lucifer. It is written in iambic pentameter, in a very educated, lofty tone.
84
Who was Alexander Pope?
(1688 - 1744)
A brilliant mind trapped in a disfigured body. The internal conflict contributed much to making Pope the biting, devastating satirist he was. He is chiefly remembered for his scathing satire on social customs, politics, even other writers, as exemplified by his mock poem, The Rape of the Lock.
85
Who was Jonathan Swift?
(1667 - 1745)
| Contemporary of Pope, wrote in a satirical, sometimes bitter tone. His most widely read work is Gulliver's Travels.
86
What movement of literary thought replaced neoclassicism?
Romanticism
87
What was the common theme of romanticism?
Common man in the natural world. And it spoke most often in the language of the commoner.
88
Who were some writers of the romanticism movement?
* William Wordsworth (1170 - 1850)
* George Gordon Byron (Lord Byron) (1788 - 1824)
* John Keats (1795 -
* Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 - 1822)
* Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 - 1882)
* Henry David Thoreau (1817 - 1862)
89
What is the Byronic hero and who does the concept stem from?
The Byronic hero is the notion of physical beauty, strong emotion and simple vitality in man. The term stems from Lord Byron.
90
What is transcendentalism?
A literal and philosophical movement arising in the 19th-century New England, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller.
• It asserted the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends empirical and scientific reality and is knowable through intuition.
91
Who was Emily Dickson?
(1830 -1886)
Contemporary of Whitman. At 23, she began leading life of solitude and almost never left the house during her last 10 to 15 years.
Death, religion, and the nature of immorality figure prominently as subjects of Dickson's verse.
92
What are some poems written by Emily Dickson?
* Because I can not stop for death
* There is a certain slant of light
* I heard a buzz when I died
93
Who was Edgar Allen Poe?
(1809 - 1849)
May loosely classified with the romantics. His works, chiefly short stories and poems, rely heavily upon imagination and imagery.
Poe lived a hard life. His vision was a morbid one, and his best-known works deal with subjects as death, torture, and the supernatural.
94
What were some of Edger Allen Poe's writings?
Short stories:
• The Telltale Heart
• The Cask of Amontillado
Poems:
• The Raven
• Annabel Lee
95
Who was Mark Twain?
(1835 - 1910)
He wrote two American classics:
• Tom Sawyer
• Huckleberry Finn
His real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. A Midwesterner from Hannibal, Missouri, he lived through the settling of the West, the Civil War, and the blossoming of the United States.
96
Who wrote Moby Dick and what was it about?
Herman Melville (1819 - 1891)
• Moby Dick tells the tale of Captain Ahab and his whaling ship, the Pequod. Ahab pursued the business of whaling with but one goal: to kill the great white whale indirectly responsible for the loss of his leg years ago.
97
In the 20th century, who directed the change from Romanticism to Realism and Naturalism?
Charles Darwin, who reasoned that humans were not direct creation of heaven, but rather the end product of billion of years of evolution, natural selection, and survival to the fittest.
98
What was realism?
The object of realism is to recreate life in art without exaggeration or euphemism.
99
Who was Charles Dickens?
(1812 - 1870)
Was one of foremost writers of realism.
100
What are some of Dickens' stories of realism?
* David Copperfield
* Oliver Twist
Both stories about abused, poor parent less children.
101
Who was Henrik Ibsen?
(1828 - 1906)
A Norwegian playwright during the realism period. During his lifetime, society underwent major changes. Ibsen, called "the father of modern drama," chose from many styles and subjects for his plays.
102
What are some of Henrik Ibsen's plays?
* Ghosts, which deals with characters inflicted with venereal disease.
* A Doll's House, a perennially popular play about a women who, unable by law to borrow money, forges her ill husband's signature. Later, when the husband is outraged at her, she walks out on him and their two children.
103
What is naturalism?
Extreme realism that advocates scientific observation of life without idealization, and without skipping events and descriptions that may be termed "ugly."
• Naturalism pays great tribute to the notion of social Darwinism, or survival of the fittest in society.
104
Realism and naturalism were the artistic results of ---?
Darwin's theory of evolution
105
What is the definition of satire?
A form of writing that blends criticism with humor and wit, ridiculing a person, institution, or social custom with the purpose of inspiring reform.
107
What is symbolism?
The communication of ideas and truths that are impossible to verbalize. The communication is through symbols, which connote certain feelings and instinctive knowledge in the readers' mind.
108
Who was Yeats?
William Butler Yeats (1865 - 1939)
Born in Ireland and educated in England, Yeats had a feel for the natural beauty of the land and sea of his home region.
• He heavily relied on symbolism to communicate the truths he felt.
109
What are important poems written by Yeats?
One of the most popular themes in Yeat's poetry is the search for immortality by man. The theme appears in three of his important poems:
* Sailing to Byzantium
* The Second Coming
* Lapis Lazuli
110
Who was T. S. Eliot?
(1888 - 1964)
* Sometimes referred to as the creator of modern poetry. He was a pioneer of free verse, liberating poetry from strict form.
* Eliot was an American by birth, yet, he was disgruntled with American thought and society, and he moved to England.
111
What a few poems written by T. S Eliot?
* The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
| * The Hollow Men
112
Who wrote The Great Gatsby?
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896 - 1940)
113
What is Musical Notation?
The standardized form for reading and writing music, passed from person to person and used from one generation to the next.
• It is used in all western cultures as well as some Far Eastern cultures to permanently record the directions of a composer to vocal and instrumental performers.
114
What is a staff?
Written music always begins with five parallel lines drawn across the page in a group. The staff is always closed at right and left by a vertical bar. There can be more than one staff to a line of music when the music is complicated, as in a symphony or a choral composition.
115
Arrange the voices to their names:
* Soprano is ---?
* Altos is ---?
* Tenors is ---?
* Basses is ---?
1) High female voices
2) Low female voices
3) High male voices
4) Low male voices
116
What is a clef?
A symbol placed to the left-hand side beginning of each stage indicating the pitch of the music written after it.
117
What are the two types of chefs and what do they look like?
The Treble Clef and the Bass Clef
* The Treble Clef looks like an inverted S. It indicates that the notes on the staff will be above the note referred to as middle C.
* The Bass Clef resembles an apostrophe follows by two bold dots, and signifies that the note on the staff will be those below middle C.
118
What is the key signature?
The group of sharps and flats placed to the right of the clef on a staff to identify the key.
119
What is time signature?
A sign placed on a staff to indicate the meter, commonly a numerical fraction of which the numerator is the number of beats per measure and the denominator represents the kind of note getting one beat.
120
What is measure?
In musical notation, a bar (or measure) is a segment of time defined by a given number of beats, each of which are assigned a particular note value. Dividing music into bars provides regular reference points to pin point locations within a piece of music.
121
What is the definition of note as it relates to musical notation?
A symbol for such a tone, indicating pitch by its position on the staff and duration by its shape.
122
Who were the first to write music?
The Greeks who believed that mathematics and music were the keys to the secrets of existence and who believed that the planets revolved and produced a kind of heavenly harmony.
123
Who were, after the Greeks, he next group to improve the system of writing music?
Priests under Pope Gregory. The priests under him wrote religious music, chants of liturgy know as Gregorian chant. This and all music in the Middle Ages was monophonic.
124
What is monophonic?
A single line melody
125
What was counterpoint?
Combined melodies whose pitch did not clash. Counterpoint is the playing or singing of two dissimilar but harmonizing melodies at the same time.
126
Who was Guido d'Arezzo?
Around the year 1,000 A.D., a monk who created the staff and named the notes used in the form we know today.
127
What is polyphonic music and when did it arise?
Music composed of relatively independent melodic lines or parts.
128
What books did Ernest Hemingway write?
* A Farewell to Arms
| * The Old Man and the Sea
129
Who were some composers during the Renaissance period?
• Antonio Vivaldi (1675 - 1741) of Italy was perhaps the greatest composer of the Renaissance period.
English composers reached their greatest height in the late Renaissance when
• Orlando Gibbons (1583 - 1625)
• Henry Purcell (1659 -1695)
Wrote music for poetry and church services.
Wrote music
130
In relation to music, what is classicism?
Represent by Bach and others, it is refined, polished expression of emotion through music. The movement reached its height, with Haydn and Mozart.
131
In relation to music, what dominant musical movement replaced classicism in the 1800s?
Romanticism, the idea that music should exclaim emotion full-strength.
132
In relation to music, what movement occurred in the late 1800s and who are strong examples?
Nationalism.
Strong examples are:
* Teutonic operas of Germany's Richard Wagner (1813 - 1883)
* Compositions of Russia's Peter Tcahaikovsky (1840 - 1893)
133
In relation to music, what musical style arose, which has roots in the ethnic music of American Negros in the Deep South?
Jazz
Famous jazz composes include:
• Duke Ellington and Duke Gillespie
134
In a broad sense, what is the definition of art?
Making and doing things skillfully.
135
What, in the past and now, have been the greatest motivating force in building?
Religion
136
What ziggurats and would would build them?
Babylonians used sun-baked bricks of clay and straw to build ziggurats, artificial high places with temples for local deities.
137
What are the three types of columns used by the Greeks?
* The Doric Column
* The lonic Column
* The Corinthian Column
138
Describe the Greek column, Doric.
The original, sporting a capital, top. It is plain in its design but spectacular in its massive simplicity
139
Describe the Greek column, Ionic?
Instead of a simple plain circle, like the Doric column, Ionic columns have curvy designs, like a scroll.
140
Describe the Greek column, Corinthian?
The latest of all the Greek Columns. It sported elaborate decoration at the top that resembled leaves or flourishing vegetation. Buildings with these types of capital were signified as important in Ancient Greek society.
141
What is the Parthenon?
The most famous and representative building of Greek architecture is one in Athens dating from 432 B. C.
• Built of white marble, the temple was a reminder to all, that the Greek gods ruled the universe.
142
While militarily superior to all nations, the Romans were cultural inferiors to the Greeks and adopted almost all Greek culture—including architecture. What two architectural contributions were by the Romans?
Arches and Vaults
143
Describe the arch, one of two Roman important architectural contributions.
The arch permits large openings in buildings and supports great weight in structures not completely solid. Examples are aqueducts and old bridges.
144
Describe the vault, one of two Roman important architectural contributions.
The Vault was brick and stone held together by cement in a dome pattern. Each piece transfers weight out from the center of the dome and down to the walls.
145
When the Roman Empire fell in 476 A.D, the world fell into what ---?
Dark Ages
146
Describe Primitive Art.
Primitive art denotes the fascinating, complex and altogether differently motivated works of the aboriginal, native and nomadic in Africa, Australia, Central and South Indians.
147
Who were some artist influenced by African art?
* Picasso
| * Modigliani
148
What are some important African art?
* Benin Bronze
* Counterweights
* Masks
* Shrine Figures
149
What were the chief accomplishments of Native American art?
Weaving, pottery, stone and wood carving, beads, and basketry.
150
What are some examples of Native American Art?
* Eskimo ivory carvings
* Masks
* Pueblos
* Sand paintings
* Weaving
* Totem poles
