Humanities - WWI exam revision Flashcards
(30 cards)
Guerilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is when small groups fight by surprise.
The Appin Massacre
- The Appin Massacre was the mass murder of Aboriginal men, women and children
- Lachlan Macquarie gave the orders
- He hoped to achieve that aboriginal australians would surrender by having military after them
- They worked at night to try and surprise them
Date of federation
1st January 1901
Reasons for federation
- Free trade: (Each colony had its own taxes which made it more expensive and much harder to trade)
- Defence: (every colony had its own army and people were worried Australia would get attacked)
- Immigration: (People didn’t want immigrants to take jobs and lower wages. A government could control who came into Australia)
- National Pride: (People now being born in Australia have begun to feel more Australian. They wanted to come together as one nation)
Federation definition:
Federation is the joining together of groups (e.g. colonies) to form a larger body (e.g. Commonwealth of Australia) while still maintaining some degree of independence.
White Australia Policy (aims)
- Prevent non-white migrants from moving to Australia
- Restrict the rights of current non-white residents
- Remove non-white residents.
Long Term causes of war
Long-term causes included militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism
Short term casues of war
The short-term cause, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(- He was from Austria hungary and was heir to the throne
- He was assassinated in austria hungary by serbians and bosnians because they didn’t want to be apart of austria hungary anymore
- Austria hungary thought the serbian government did this and sent over a list of impossible demands so when they couldn’t complete them they could declare war
- Then allies join into causing world war one to happen)
Dates involved in the Galipolli campaign:
On the 25th of April, 1915 ANZACS landed on what is now called ANZAC Cove.
In December of 1915, allied forces were finally ordered to withdraw from Gallipoli.
countries involved in the Galipolli campaign:
Great Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, and British India, against the Ottoman Empire (turkey)
Reason for the Galopolli campaign
It took place to force the germany’s ally, Turkey out of the war (ottoman empire)
Conditions at Galipolli
- Extremely challenging because turkish had the higher ground so it was easier for them to be on lookout and shoot at the Anzacs
- The Anzac fought in the summer Then moved onto snow, rain, mud and flooded trenched in winter
- They needed drinking water to be supplied
- Lots of diseases were common due to dead bodies and pests
- They couldn’t change clothes and they wore them until their socks become unwearable forcing the Anzacs to go barefoot in their boots
Significance to Australia (galipolli campaign)
The Gallipoli Campaign was Australia’s first major military action and helped shape national identity through the ANZAC. t’s remembered every year on ANZAC Day. (25th April when they landed on ANZAC cove)
(This answer was searched not from notes or slides could be wrong)
Enlistment age and height requirement
- The requirements in August 1914 were 19–38 years, height of 5ft 6in and chest measurement of 34 inches.
- In June 1915, the age range and minimum height requirements were changed to 18–45 years and 5ft 2in, with the minimum height being lowered again to 5ft in April 1917.
Who couldn’t be enlisted for war at first?
- “Aborigines and half-castes are not to be enlisted. This restriction is to be interpreted as applying to all coloured men.”
Propaganda: definition
is a type of communication that uses biased or misleading information to influence what people think or do
Conscription
= compulsory enrollment in military services.
Plebisities: conscription debate
(national vote to decide a question that does not affect the Constitution.(
- Billy Highes wanted conscription (prime minister of australia).
- everyone disagreed so they put out a plebisite (vote)
- The 1916 Plebiscite was narrowly defeated.
- In 1917 he tried again and it was also defeated
Conscription: Yes arguments
- Britain was in peril and needed support.
- Many Australians were already fighting and dying so others should be forced to step forward and do their duty.
- Conscription meant equality of sacrifice since voluntary recruitment had failed.
- Australia had a good reputation that had to be protected.
- Other allied countries such as Great Britain, New Zealand and Canada had already introduced conscription.
Conscription: No arguments
- No person has the right to send another to be killed or wounded.
- There would not be enough hands to farm if too many men were conscripted.
- Too many Australians had already died or been wounded.
- It was not really Australia’s war to fight.
- Unions were concerned that conscription would lead to jobs being taken by foreign labor or women while the men were off fighting.
- The working class would unfairly bear the burden of the fight.
Role of Women (including nurses) in wartime
- Around 3000 Australian nurses enlisted, with majority sent to work in makeshift hospitals just behind the front lines, as well as hospital ships and trains.
- The Australian Women’s Service Corps was formed with the aim of training women to take over male jobs so men could be free to fight.
- However, the women were told their services
weren’t necessary. - women and girls sewed and knitted to ensure the troops had warm clothing and raised money to help those affected by the war.
The Western Front: Trench warfare defenition
trench warfare can be defined as a type of combat in which the opposing sides attack, counterattack, and defend from relatively permanent systems of trenches dug into the ground.
The Western Front: conditions
Diseases such as trench fever (an infection caused by louse faeces), trench nephritis (an inflammation of the kidneys), and trench foot (the infection and swelling of feet exposed to long periods of dampness and cold, sometimes leading to amputation) became common medical problems, and caused significant losses of manpower.
The western front: Modern Technology
- machine guns, heavy artillery guns, chemical weapons and tanks.
- Machine guns were used with devastating effects. Despite being heavy and difficult to move they were capable of firing 600 rounds per minute.
- Poisonous gases were introduced in 1915
- Chlorine gas: Burned lungs and drowned
soldiers from the inside.
- Tear gas: Made eyes water and caused
coughing, used to confuse or weaken
soldiers.
- Mustard gas: Burned skin and eyes badly,
causing painful blisters and even blindness. - In 1916 Britain developed the first tanks
