HVIII REFORMATION/RELIGION

Question 1

WHEN could it be suggested that Henry VIII decided Catherine of Aragon would not have any more children?

Answer 1

1525: Catherine was past childbearing age, and Henry VIII asked Wolsey for a papal dispensation

Question 2

WHAT did Wolsey do to try and secure Henry VIII’s annulment?

Answer 2

In 1527, he called for a special court to ‘try’ Henry for his and Catherine’s sinful marriage (as the widow of Henry’s brother). However, the Pope was reluctant to address the case and Wolsey was unable to secure any decision.

Question 3

WHAT did Henry VIII do in 1531 to put pressure on the clergy?

Answer 3

• Pardoned the clergy of crimes against him
• This made them recognise him as lawmaker and head of the English Church
• He also made them pay him a fine of £100,000

Question 4

WHEN was the First Act of Annates passed?

Answer 4

1532

Question 5

WHAT was the First Act of Annates?

Answer 5

It withheld annates (payments made to Rome by the clergy upon the appointment of a new bishop) from the Pope.

Question 6

WHEN was the Supplication Against the Ordinaries?

Answer 6

March 1532

Question 7

WHAT was the Supplication Against the Ordinaries?

Answer 7

It was addressed to the king by the House of Commons, demanding he address the corruption of the clergy

Question 8

WHEN was the formal submission of the clergy to Henry VIII and WHAT was it?

Answer 8

1532 - a formal surrender of the Church’s independent law-making function

Question 9

WHEN did Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn marry in secret?

Answer 9

January 1533

Question 10

WHEN was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?

Answer 10

February 1533

Question 11

WHAT was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?

Answer 11

Reformation legislation. No appeals could be made to the Pope on decisions taken in English courts. Stopped Catherine from appealing to Rome for her case on the divorce to be heard

Question 12

WHEN was Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon’s annulment secured?

Answer 12

May 1533

Question 13

WHEN was Anne Boleyn crowned Queen of England?

Answer 13

June 1533

Question 14

WHEN was Princess Elizabeth born?

Answer 14

September 1533

Question 15

WHEN was the first Act of Succession passed?

Answer 15

April 1534

Question 16

WHAT was the first Act of Succession?

Answer 16

It declared that:
- Henry and Catherine’s marriage was void
- Succession was vested in the children of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

Question 17

WHEN were the Act of Supremacy and Treason Act passed?

Answer 17

November 1534

Question 18

WHAT was the Act of Supremacy?

Answer 18

Acknowledged (and claimed it was always this way) that the king was the head of the Church, and could decide its organisation, personnel and doctrine

Question 19

WHY did parliament only ‘acknowledge’ Henry’s royal supremacy?

Answer 19

They did not have the power to give him the right to be leader of the Church, so they cleverly ‘acknowledged’ it instead.

Question 20

WHAT was the Treason Act?

Answer 20

It made the denial of royal supremacy a crime punishable by death, through spoken word, deed and writing.

Question 21

NAME 1 example of a high profile figure who was convicted using the Treason Act.

Answer 21

Thomas More who was convicted and executed in 1535

Question 22

WHAT monastic reforms did Wolsey try to implement?

Answer 22

1) Ordered inspections of monasteries
2) Drew up plans to close monasteries with less than 6 inmates in 1528

Question 23

HOW MANY religious houses were dissolved during Wolsey’s dominance?

Answer 23

Over 2 dozen

Question 24

WHAT was Wolsey an advocate for (in terms of religion)?

Answer 24

Education among the clergy (and the laity). He used the money from dissolved monasteries for this purpose

Question 25

WHAT was Wolsey’s stance on Protestantism?

Answer 25

He strongly opposed Protestantism and Lutheranism. There were public burnings of Lutheran texts, but no executions until after he died.

Question 26

WHAT were some religious criticisms of Wolsey?

Answer 26

He was accused of absenteeism and plurality

Question 27

WHAT did historian Peter Marshall say about Wolsey?

Answer 27

“Wolsey was not the deeply corrupt, power-mad prelate [clergyman] of Protestant legend, but neither was he the kind of inspirational, reforming leader that English Catholicism needed.”

Question 28

WHEN was the Act of Ten Articles passed?

Answer 28

1536

Question 29

WHAT was the Act of Ten Articles?

Answer 29

It rejected 4 of Catholicism’s seven sacraments. Mix of Catholic and Lutheran influences

Question 30

WHEN were the two sets of injunctions under Henry VIII?

Answer 30

1536 and 1538

Question 31

WHAT did the Henry VIII injunctions do?

Answer 31

Aimed to transform church services and traditional worship radically. Attacked pilgrimages, relics, and images. Placed the English Bible in each church.

Question 32

WHEN was the Bishop’s Book published?

Answer 32

1537

Question 33

WHAT did the Bishop’s Book do?

Answer 33

Restored the 4 sacraments omitted with the Ten Articles, although at a lower status. More conservative than the Ten Articles

Question 34

WHAT is some evidence of there being a lack of direction in religious policy under Henry VIII?

Answer 34

The 1536 Ten Articles rejected 4 of Catholicism’s seven sacraments, but then the Bishop’s Book restored them again in 1537

Question 35

WHEN was the Act of the Six Articles?

Answer 35

1539

Question 36

WHAT did the Act of the Six Articles do?

Answer 36

• Reasserted Catholic doctrine
• Denial of transubstantiation was deemed heretical

Question 37

WHAT excuse did conservatives use for the more Catholic policies made at the end of Henry VIII’s reign?

Answer 37

They said that the more radical religious changes of the mid 1530s (e.g. the English Bible being publicly available) caused social disorder

Question 38

WHEN did the dissolution of the monasteries start?

Answer 38

1536

Question 39

By WHEN had all the monasteries been dissolved?

Answer 39

March 1540

Question 40

WHAT traditional Catholic practices were attacked during the Henrician Reformation?

Answer 40

• Holy days
• Pilgrimages
• The veneration of relics (worship of items that are claimed to have belonged to religious icons like the Virgin Mary)

Question 41

By WHAT date had 2/3 of monastic land been sold?

Answer 41

1547

Question 42

WHAT are some social consequences of the dissolution of the monasteries?

Answer 42

1) Increased size/wealth of gentry as they bought up monastic land
2) Loss of monastic schools
3) Monks/nuns lost their jobs
4) Rebellion (e.g. the Pilgrimage of Grace)

Question 43

WHAT is the Henrician Reformation often called?

Answer 43

‘Catholicism without the Pope’

Question 44

WHAT was arguably the most important change to the Church during Henry VIII’s reign for an ordinary layman?

Answer 44

The use of vernacular scripture (an English Bible)

Question 45

WHEN was the Great Bible published?

Answer 45

1539

Question 46

WHAT was the Great Bible?

Answer 46

The first English Bible (edited by Cranmer) authorised for public use and distributed to every church.

Question 47

WHAT did historian Christopher Haigh say about the success of the reformation and WHEN?

Answer 47

1993 - “The Protestant reformation was far less effective than the political reformations had been: legislative destruction proved easier than evangelical construction.”

Question 48

WHEN were the First and Second Suppression Acts passed?

Answer 48

1536 and 1541

Question 49

WHAT did the First and Second Suppression Acts do?

Answer 49

Dissolved the monasteries, confiscating Church land to the Crown.

Question 50

HOW MANY monasteries were closed down under Henry VIII?

Answer 50

About 900

Question 51

WHAT are some examples of anticlericalism before the reformation?

Answer 51

• Some lawyers objected to the influence of canon law and legal privileges of clergy
• Martin Luther and Lutheranism
• Satirical critiques of the Church

Question 52

HOW common was anticlericalism before the reformation?

Answer 52

There was little committed attempt before the ‘King’s Great Matter’

Question 53

WHEN did Martin Luther publish his work critiquing the Catholic Church?

Answer 53

1517

Question 54

WHAT evidence is there of religious change during Henry VIII’s reign?

Answer 54

• Papal authority was destroyed
• Dissolution of the monasteries
• English Bible
• A more humanist-influenced religious culture

Question 55

WHAT evidence is there of religious continuity during Henry VIII’s reign?

Answer 55

• Heirarchy remained unchanged
• Little attempt to alter the interior of the church or service structure
• Musical culture remained
• More conservative doctrine near end of reign (e.g. the Six Articles, 1539)