HWE

Question 1

Population genetics

Answer 1

Shows how genetic principals apply to entire pop

Question 2

Gene pool

Answer 2

All of the gametes/alleles that occur within apricot populations

Question 3

Population geneticists study frequency with which

Answer 3

Alleles occur in a gene pool

Question 4

Evolution occurs when there is a change in

Answer 4

Allele frequencies

Population evolves not individuals

Question 5

Genetic equilibrium

Answer 5

Variability in population stays same over generations, don’t evolve

Question 6

5 assumptions of HWE

Answer 6

No natural selection
No mutation 
Isolated population 
Large population-no genetic drift 
Random mating

Question 7

Is HWE realistic

Answer 7

No

Question 8

HWE equation

Answer 8

P2 + 2PQ + Q2 = 1

Question 9

What does p stand for

P2?

Answer 9

P is dom Allele

P2 is Homozygous dom genotype

Question 10

What does q stand for

Q2

Answer 10

Q is recessive allele

Q2 is homo recessive genotype

Question 11

2PQ

Answer 11

Hetero carriers genotype

Question 12

Gene allele frequency

Answer 12

P play q

Question 13

5 factors of evolution against HW

Answer 13

Natural selection 
Mutation
Immigration emigration
Non random mating 
Small population

Question 14

Gene flow

Answer 14

Movement of allele from 1 pop to another from migration

Question 15

Genetic drift

Answer 15

Allele frequency changes due to chance events in small pop

Question 16

2 types of genetic drift

Answer 16

Founder effect

Bottleneck effect

Question 17

Founder effect

Answer 17

Small number of individuals leave original population and find new place

Question 18

Bottleneck effect

Answer 18

Pop reduced by non evolutionary means

Question 19

Speciation

Answer 19

New species formed caused by evolution

Question 20

Population

Answer 20

Group of same species living in same area at same time

Question 21

Population size

Answer 21

Number of individuals living in defined area

Question 22

Population density

Answer 22

Number of organisms in given space like area and volume

Question 23

3 types of dispersion patterns

Answer 23

Clumped distribution
Random distribution
Uniform distribution

Question 24

Clumped distribution

Answer 24

Grouped in patches according to certain resource

Question 25

Random distribution

Answer 25

Resources abundant Little competition Rare

Question 26

Uniform distribution

Answer 26

Orderly distribution due to competition for natural resource

Question 27

Natality and immigration _ population

Answer 27

Increase

Question 28

Mortality and emigration _ pop

Answer 28

Decrease

Question 29

Closed populations don’t count

Answer 29

Immigration and emigration

Question 30

Growth rate formula

Answer 30

Change in population divided by time

Question 31

Capita growth rate

Answer 31

Change in pop divided by original population

Question 32

Carrying capacity

Answer 32

Max number of organisms that a habitat can support Growth stops when capacity reached Habitat changes can affect carrying capacity

Question 33

Carrying capacity determined by 2 factors

Answer 33

Biotic and abiotic

Question 34

Biotic factors

Answer 34

Food Territory Disease Competition

Question 35

Abiotic factors

Answer 35

Weather Climate Sunlight Nutrients

Question 36

Environmental resistance

Answer 36

All factors that limit population size to carrying capacity

Question 37

Biotic potential

Answer 37

Max number of offspring in I deal conditions | No resistance= biotic potential reached

Question 38

Density dependant factors

Answer 38

Limit pop size and growth size due to pop size ``` Limited food Shared resources Predation Parasitism Competition Disease ```

Question 39

Density independent

Answer 39

Limit pop and growth regardless of pop size Natural disasters Pesticides Herbicides

Question 40

4 stages of growth models

Answer 40

Lag phase-delay before active reproduction Growth phase-Accelerated reproduction bc lots of resources Stationary phase-equilibrium achieved at carrying capacity Death phase-increased environmental resistance

Question 41

J curve

Answer 41

``` Constant growth rate Unlimited resources Max reproduction Unlimited exponential growth Capacity exceeded causing sharp death phase No stationary phase ```

Question 42

S curve

Answer 42

Assumes growth rate slows as pop size increases Pop size fluctuates at carrying capacity (stationary phase) Logistic growth No death rate

Question 43

K strategists

Answer 43

Long life long maturation time Few offspring Parental care

Question 44

R strategists

Answer 44

Short life Quick maturation Few offspring Little parental care

Question 45

3 types of community interactions

Answer 45

Competition Predator prey Symbiosis

Question 46

Intraspecific

Answer 46

Between same species

Question 47

Inter specific

Answer 47

Between different species

Question 48

Predator prey purpose

Answer 48

Keep both populations balanced

Question 49

Defence mechanism for prey | 4

Answer 49

Run and hide Produce poison Camouflage Mimicry

Question 50

Cryptic colouration

Answer 50

Adaptations in form shape or behaviour to blend with surroundings

Question 51

Mimicry

Answer 51

Species copies marking and behaviour of different species that has selective advantage

Question 52

Symbiosis

Answer 52

Relationship between 2 species

Question 53

Parasitism

Answer 53

Parasite benefits and host is harmed Keeps host alive unlike predator

Question 54

Commensalism

Answer 54

One benefits other is unbothered

Question 55

Mutualism

Answer 55

Both benefit Pollination example

Question 56

Community

Answer 56

Different species in same place same time | Only biotic

Question 57

Ecosystem

Answer 57

Diff species in same place same time | Abiotic and biotic

Question 58

Succession

Answer 58

Slow gradual change in composition of community Happens after disturbance

Question 59

Climax community

Answer 59

Stable Little changes Dominates areas for several years

Question 60

Primary succession

Answer 60

Area had no original plants or soil Mosses and lichens gore first to break down stone or soil Add nutrients to soil to support more complex plants