Hydosphere

Question 1

Fluviale Erosion

Answer 1

The break up of rocks by the action of the river

Question 2

Transportation

Answer 2

The movement of eroded material

Question 3

Deposition

Answer 3

The laying down of material which has been transported by the river

Question 4

Sediment supply zone

Answer 4

The area of a river which is the source for alluvium that is transported down the river

Question 5

Physical weathering

Answer 5

The process of physical elements breaking down rocks

Question 6

Chemical weathering

Answer 6

The breakdown of rocks due to chemicals

Question 7

Hydraulic action

Answer 7

The force of water impacting the rock and forcefully flooding small cracks, breaking down the rocks

Question 8

Corrosion

Answer 8

The process by which chemicals in the water such as carbonic acid dissolve the rock and wash them away

Question 9

Attrition

Answer 9

Particles in a river hit eachother reducing their size

Question 10

Where do rivers form

Answer 10

High in the mountains where gradients are steep, so they flow quickly and erode vertically

Question 11

Abrasion

Answer 11

The process of small rocks and pebbles in the water grinding against rock and wearing it away

Question 12

Freeze-thaw

Answer 12

Weathering sides of valley, breaking rocks and steepening sides

Question 13

U shaped valleys are formed by

Answer 13

Rivers cutting into rocks

Question 14

Waterfall

Answer 14

An erosional feature found in the upper course of a river

Question 15

Strata

Answer 15

Bed of horizontal rock with varying thickness

Question 16

Differential erosion

Answer 16

Softer rock underneath eroded so rock on top collapses

Question 17

What causes differential erosion

Answer 17

Hydraulic action, abrasion, corrosion

Question 18

Plunge pool

Answer 18

Pool formed at bottom of waterfall due to force of water and rocks carried by it

Question 19

What will happen to overhang after a period of time

Answer 19

It will collapse due to lack of support and process will start again

Question 20

Gorge

Answer 20

After a process of repeated erosion, the waterfall retreats into the hillside forming a Gorge

Question 21

Where are meanders found

Answer 21

Middle and lower course of a river

Question 22

What causes a meander

Answer 22

Difference in speed between the inner and outer bank

Question 23

When do meanders form

Answer 23

When a river has to bypass a an obstruction such as a large boulder or rocky outcrop

Question 24

What is the first stage in the formation of a meander

Answer 24

Formation of Riffles and pools

Question 25

What is a Riffles

Answer 25

A shallow area formed along the inner bank of a river

Question 26

How is a riffle formed

Answer 26

The water is slower on the inside or the bend so sediment is deposited and builds up reducing the depth of the water

Question 27

What is a pool

Answer 27

Deeper part of river caused by faster moving water

Question 28

Helicoidal flow

Answer 28

Spiralling current with surface water flowing outwards and sub-surface water flowing inwards

Question 29

What does the helicodial flow do

Answer 29

Creates more erosion and deposition until a river cliff is formed on the outer bank and a slip of slope on the inner

Question 30

Over the time, what happens to the meander

Answer 30

It becomes more and more sinuous and the neck becomes narrower due it erosion until in a period of flooding the river will take the quickest path possible and break the curve

Question 31

After the meander is cut, what happens

Answer 31

The water flowing and an oxbow lake is formed

Question 32

Drainage basin

Answer 32

The area drained by a river and it’s tributaries

Question 33

Watershed

Answer 33

Boundaries of the drainage basin

Question 34

Where does the watershed usually occur

Answer 34

On high land as water can only flow downwards

Question 35

Hydrological cycle

Answer 35

The process which distributes water in a drainage basin

Question 36

Advection

Answer 36

The process of wine moving clouds from over water to land where precipitation occurs

Question 37

Precipitation

Answer 37

Rain, the main input to the system

Question 38

Runoff

Answer 38

The sum of all the water in the drainage basin that flows of the surface

Question 39

Streamflow

Answer 39

Transfer through river Channels

Question 40

Surface flow

Answer 40

Water that travels on the surface of the basin

Question 41

Interception

Answer 41

The process of plants shielding the ground from precipitation

Question 42

Stem flow

Answer 42

When water is intercepted by vegetation and guided to the ground

Question 43

Infiltration

Answer 43

The process of water soaking into the soil

Question 44

Soil moisture

Answer 44

The retention of water in the soil

Question 45

Throughflow

Answer 45

The transfer of water underground

Question 46

Groundwater

Answer 46

Water stored in the ground by rock

Question 47

Primary output of a drainage basin

Answer 47

The sea

Question 48

Evapotranspiration

Answer 48

The loss of water from plants to the atmosphere, and the secondary output of water from a drainage basin

Question 49

Evapotranspiration

Answer 49

The loss of water from plants to the atmosphere, and the secondary output of water from a drainage basin

Question 50

Hydrograph

Answer 50

Graph to show how the water in a drainage basin is effected by a storm

Question 51

What does a hydrograph measure

Answer 51

Precipitation and discharge rate

Question 52

What is shown by the bar chart

Answer 52

Precipitation

Question 53

What is shown by the line graph

Answer 53

Discharge

Question 54

What is the unit of precipitation

Answer 54

mm

Question 55

Discharge is measured in

Answer 55

Cumecs

Question 56

Peak rainfall

Answer 56

When rainfall is highest

Question 57

Peak discharge

Answer 57

When discharge is highest

Question 58

Lag time

Answer 58

Difference between peak rainfall and peak discharge

Question 59

Base flow

Answer 59

Dotted line which shows the amount of water which would normally be in the Chanel without a storm

Question 60

Approach segment

Answer 60

Flat section of the graph before the rising limb

Question 61

Rising limb

Answer 61

Shows amount of water increasing

Question 62

Falling limb

Answer 62

Shows amount of water decreasing

Question 63

What happens to Lag time in larger basins

Answer 63

It’s longer

Question 64

What happens to falling and rising limb in larger basins

Answer 64

It’s shallower

Question 65

What happens to lag time in smaller basins

Answer 65

Lag time is shorter

Question 66

What happens to rising and falling limbs in smaller basins

Answer 66

They’re steeper

Question 67

In a lower or elongated basin, what happens to the lag time

Answer 67

It is longer

Question 68

What happens to rounded basins lag time

Answer 68

The lag time is shorter

Question 69

What does permeable rock do

Answer 69

Absorb water Resultat on decreased surface flow and smaller peak discharge

Question 70

What happens with impermeable rock

Answer 70

No infliltration takes place

Question 71

How does porosity of the soil affect the lag time

Answer 71

Porous soils make a longer lag time and dense soils crate a shorter lag time

Question 72

What does urbanisation do to the lag time

Answer 72

Make it shorter

Question 73

What does vegetation do to the lag time

Answer 73

Elongate it

Question 74

What does deforestation do to the lag time

Answer 74

Makes it shorter