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Geography - physical > hydrology and fluvial > Flashcards

hydrology and fluvial Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

flows

A

movement of water from 1 store to another

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2
Q

store

A

where water is kept

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3
Q

drainage basin

A

total area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

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4
Q

open system

A

water moves across the boundary into and from other drainage basins

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5
Q

inputs

A

precipitation

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6
Q

outputs

A

evapotranspiration and runoff

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7
Q

stores

A

river channels, kales, vegetation and soil moisture

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8
Q

total amount of precipitation in drainage basin

A

more rainfall = more infiltration, percolation is increased so water table may rise

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9
Q

intensity of precipitation in drainage basin

A

heavy rain = ground saturated quickly = more surface runoff and increased channel flow

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10
Q

type of precipitation in drainage basin

A

infiltration = quickest with rain

snow takes a while to melt = longer to infiltrate

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11
Q

distribution of precipitation in drainage basin

A

if falls directly on river channel = affects river quicker

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12
Q

interception

A

water that’s caught and stored by vegetation

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13
Q

interception loss

A

water that’s retained by plant surfaces and water is later evaporated away/absorbed by plant

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14
Q

through flow

A

water that falls through the gaps in vegetation or drops from leaves

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15
Q

stem flow

A

water that trickles along twigs and branches

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16
Q

factors affecting rates of evaporation

A 
temp -  warmer = more 
humidity - higher = slower
wind speed = faster = more
albedo = lighter = less
water available = less = less
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17
Q

potential evaporation

A

water loss that would occur if there was an unlimited supply of water

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18
Q

infiltration

A

process in which water soaks into/absorbed by soil

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19
Q

infiltration capacity

A

max. rate at which rain can be absorbed by soil in a given condition

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20
Q

duration of rainfall affects rates of infiltration/surface run off

A

SR increases, longer the duration

infiltration decreases, longer the duration

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21
Q

vegetation cover affects rates of infiltration/surface run off

A

SR increases

I stays low in bare earth, in forest decreases slowly over time

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22
Q

antecedent soil moisture affects rates of infiltration/surface run off

A

saturated, SR increases

I lower in wet soil

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23
Q

raindrop size affects rates of infiltration/surface run off

A

SR increases as bigger

I decreases as bigger

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24
Q

soil porosity affects rates of infiltration/surface run off

A

SR decreases with porosity

I increases with porosity

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25
slope angel affects rates of infiltration/surface run off
SR increases with steeper | I decreases with steeper
26
Hortonian flow
soil not saturated but water can not infiltrate. water flows over the surface as overland flow
27
Saturated overland flow
soil full up of water so can not take any more so water flows over surface as overland flow
28
ground water
subsurface water comes from precipitation onto the land
29
recharge
filing of water in pores where water has been dried up or extracted by human activities
30
discharge of groundwater
water from underground coming up to surface
31
how does recharge occur?
Infiltration of precipitation seepage through the banks and beds of river Leakage from adjacent aquifers and rocks
32
where does discharge of groundwater occur?
aquifer fills up with water reaches land surface, where flows from ground as springs
33
aquifer
rock underground storing groundwater in it
34
river regime
annual variation in the flow of a river, shown on annual hydrograph
35
discharge
volume of water passing along rivers channel over given period of time
36
flood hydrographs
used to plot rivers discharge during 1 single event
37
storm hydrographs
shows amount of rainfall during storm event
38
type/amount precipitation affects shape of hydrograph
high intense = quick overland flow | low intensity = infiltrates slowly
39
soil moisture affects shape of hydrograph
if rain previously, ground = saturated = quick overland flow
40
drainage basin shape affects shape of hydrograph
rounder = respond quicker
41
drainage basin size affects shape of hydrograph
smaller = quicker , shorter lag time
42
drainage density affects shape of hydrograph
high DD = quicker , shorter lag time
43
geology affects shape of hydrograph
impermeable - more overland flow, increase peak flow
44
gradient affects shape of hydrograph
steeper = more overland flow, shorter lag time, higher peak flows
45
vegetation type affects shape of hydrograph
broader leaf, intercepts more rainfall, reduces overland flow , longer lag time
46
land use affects shape of hydrograph
impermeable surface = reduced vegetation = increased overland flow/shorter lag time
47
gradient
angle the slope which river runs
48
velocity
distance divided by time
49
cross-sectional area
width x mean depth
50
discharge
vol. water passing through a river at a given point
51
discharge
vol. water passing through a river at a given point
52
hydraulic radius
cross-sectional area divided by wetted perimeter
53
hydraulic action
force of water on banks of river
54
abrasion
wearing away of beds/banks by load carried
55
attrition
wearing away of load carried by a river
56
corrosion
removal of chemical ions
57
suspension
fine clay particles carried along within water
58
saltation
small stones bounced along river bed at times of high discharge
59
traction
boulders/pebbles rolled along river
60
solution
minerals dissolved
61
thalweg
line of fastest movement in meander
62
Point bar
occurs on inside of bend of meander when deposition accumulates
63
floodplain
formed when rivers burst banks and flood on regular basis
64
levees
coarse material deposited near channel during repeated floods
65
alluvial fans
alluvium is dropped by river when looses momentum
66
deltas
when river flows into standing body of water
67
ARCUATE
deposition into fan shape, LSD occurs
68
BIRD FOOT
when river brings down fine salt, carried for long distances
69
CUSPATE
deposition occurs into a points like a tooth
70
Human Impact on interception/infiltration
``` urbanisation = impermeable surfaces with compact soil deforestation = decreases infiltration ```
71
Human Impact on interception/infiltration
``` urbanisation = impermeable surfaces with compact soil deforestation = decreases infiltration ```
72
causes of floods : types of precipitation
by heavy rainfall - if falls as snow, water stored in surface until melts
73
causes of floods : vegetation
limited on surface then no interception = increase surface run off
74
causes of floods : climate
``` dry = water can't penetrate soil wet = saturated = excess water ```
75
causes of floods : rock type
permeable/porous water infiltrates = slow lag time | impermeable water can't infiltrate = increase overland flow
76
flooding solutions : prediction
weather satellites to predict high rainfall | river gauges to study river levels
77
flooding solutions : preparing people
loss sharing adjustments
78
flooding solutions : prevention
hard engineering = defence schemes, halting natural processes soft engineering = use of natural environment
79
hard engineering
embankments construction of water holding areas dams/réservoirs
80
soft engineering
reseeding vegetation | afforestation
81
drought
extended period of dry weather

Geography - physical (3 decks)

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