HYDROMETEOROLOGY Flashcards by Lyka Rose Brillante

The science, which deals with the occurrence, distribution and disposal of water on the planet earth.

Hydrology

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It is the vertical and horizontal movement of water as either vapor, liquid, or solid between the earth’s surface, subsurface, atmosphere, and oceans.
a. Water Cycle
b. Water Transfer Cycle
c. Hydrologic Cycle
d. All of the above

d. All of the above

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It is the lateral movement of water in the soil.

Seepage

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In which phase in the hydrologic cycle has the highest residence time of water
a. Antarctic ice
b. Groundwater: deep
c. Glaciers
d. Ocean
e. Atmospheric water

Groundwater: deep

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Percentage of earth covered by oceans is

71%

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Percentage of total quantity of water in the world that is saline is about

97%

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In the hydrological cycle the average residence time of water in the global
a. Atmospheric moisture is larger than that in global rivers
b. Oceans is smaller than that of the global groundwater
c. Rivers is larger than that of the global groundwater
d. Oceans is larger than that of the global ground water

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A watershed has an area of 300ha. Due to a 10cm rainfall event over the watershed, a streamflow is generated and at the outlet of the watershed it last for 10hrs. Assuming a runoff/rainfall ratio of 0.2 for this event, the average streamflow rate at the outlet in
the period of 10hrs is,

1.67𝑚3/𝑠𝑒c

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Rainfall intensity of 20mm/hr occurred over a watershed with an area of 100ha.
The rainfall last for 6hrs. The direct runoff volume in the stream was measured and is equal to 30,000m3. The precipitation not available to runoff in this case is

9cm

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A catchment area has three distinct zones as shown in the table below,
calculate the annual runoff from the catchment
ZONE AREA km2 ANNUAL RUNOFF cm
A 61 52
B 39 42
C 20 32

45.4cm

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A lake had a water surface elevation of 103.2 m above datum at the beginning of the month. At the same month, lake received an average inflow of 6 c.m.s. from surface runoff sources. For the same period, the outflow from the lake had an average value of 6.5 c.m.s. Further, in the same month the lake received a rainfall of 145mm and losses due to evaporation of 6.1 cm. Assume the area of the lake is 5000 has. and assume no contribution from ground water storage. What is the water surface elevation of the lake after the month?

103.258m

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A lake has an area of 10 km2. During a specific month the lake evaporation was 90mm. During the same month the inflow to the lake from a river was on average 1.1m3/s and the outflow from the lake via another river was on average 1.2 m3/s. Also, for the same month a water level increase of 100 mm for the lake was observed. What is the precipitation during the month? Assume: no groundwater flow.

215.92mm

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An area that topographically appears to contribute all the water that passes
through a specified cross section of a stream (the outlet).
a. Watershed
b. Catchment area
c. Drainage basin
d. River basin
e. All of the above

e. All of the above

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Portion of the precipitation that makes way towards stream channels, lakes,
oceans as surface or subsurface flow.

Runoff

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Baseflow is also called as

Groundwater flow

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provides the relationship between stream stage and discharge.

Rating curve

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In a watershed,
a. Faster peak flows occur in flat watershed than in steep watershed.
b. Faster time to peak flows occur in an elongated watershed than circular
watershed.
c. Longer time to peak flows occur in watershed with dense drainage than in less dense drainage.
d. Larger watershed produces larger runoff than smaller watershed.
e. Storm moving towards upstream produces larger streamflow and shorter time to peak than storm moving towards downstream.

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A graduated scale placed in a position so that the stage of a stream may be
read directly therefrom.

Staff gauge

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By float method, the surface water velocity of a stream was 0.5 meter per sec. The estimated cross sectional area of the stream was 4.86 m2. What is the average discharge of the stream? in lps

1944 lps

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Graphical representation of runoff rate over time.

Hydrograph

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Hydrograph was made of ___________________.
a. Direct runoff only
b. Overland flow, interflow and baseflow
c. Interflow and base flow
d. Direct runoff and interflow
e. None of the above

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Direct runoff hydrograph from a unit excess precipitation that occurs uniformly over a basin.

Unit hydrograph

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Unit hydrograph is made of
a. Direct runoff only
b. Overland flow, interflow and baseflow
c. Interflow and base flow
d. Direct runoff and interflow
e. None of the above

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A chart or function describing the temporal distribution of precipitation during a storm event, at a point, or over an area.

Hyetograph

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6836.36 cfs

After a 2-hour storm, a station downstream from a 45 square mile drainage basin measures 9400 cfs as a peak discharge and 3300 acre-feet as total runoff. Find the 2-hour unit hydrograph peak discharge. what would be the peak runoff and design flood volume if a 2-hour storm dropped 2.5 inches of net precipitation?

17000 cfs; 6000 acre-feet

The science and practice of water flow measurement is

Hydrometry

The following is not a direct stream flow determination technique a. Dilution method b. Ultrasonic method c. Area-velocity method d. Slope-area method e. None of the above

Direct runoff is composed of a. Surface runoff, prompt interflow and channel precipitation b. Surface runoff, infiltration and evapotranspiration c. Overland flow and infiltration d. Rainfall and evaporation e. None of the above

A mean annual runoff of 1 m3 /s from catchment of area 31.54 km2 represent an effective rainfall of

100 cm

The term base flow denotes a. Delayed groundwater flow reaching a stream b. Delayed groundwater flow and snowmelt reaching a stream c. Delayed groundwater and interflow d. Annual minimum flow in a stream e. None of the above

An intermittent stream a. Has water table above the stream bed through out the year b. Has only flash flows in response to storms c. Has flows in the stream during wet season due to contribution of groundwater d. Does not have any contribution of groundwater at any time e. None of the above

For a given storm, assuming other factors remain constant a. Basin having low drainage density give smaller peaks in flood hydrograph b. Basin with large drainage densities give smaller flood peaks c. Low drainage density basins give shorter time bases of hydrograph d. Flood peak is independent of the drainage density e. Large drainage density basins produce longer time bases of hydrograph

A unit hydrograph has one unit of

Direct Runoff

Groundwater is also known as a. Water table b. Saturated zone c. Vadose zone d. Phreatic water e. All of the above

A rise in a liquid above the level of zero pressure due to a net upward force produced by the attraction of the water molecules to a solid surface.

Capillary Rise

A water bearing geologic formation or stratum capable of transmitting water through its pores at a rate sufficient for economic extraction by wells.

Aquifer

Geologic formation arranged in decreasing economic considerations. a. Aquifer, Aquiclude, Aquitard, Aquifuge b. Aquifer, Aquitard, Aquiclude, Aquifuge c. Aquifer, Aquifuge, Aquiclude, Aquitard d. Aquifuge, Aquiclude, Aquitard, Aquifer e. Aquifer, Aquitard, Aquifuge, Aquiclude

Well drilled into an artesian aquifer and water rises above the ground like a spring.

Free flowing well

Measures the water bearing capacity of a geologic formation.

Porosity

The percentage volume of water of an aquifer, which will not drain by gravity.

Specific Retention

It is the volume of water that an aquifer releases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of aquifer per unit change in the component of head normal to that surface

storage coefficient

Estimate the average drawdown over an area where 25 million m3 of water has been pumped through a number of uniformly distributed wells. The area is 150 km2 and the specific yield of the unconfined aquifer is 25%.

0.67 m

Determine the volume of water release by lowering the piezometric surface of a confined aquifer by 5 meters over an area of A = 1km2 . The aquifer is 35-meter thick and has storage coefficient of 8.3 x 10-3 .

41000 cum

A stream that provides water to the water table is termed

influent

Surface joining the static water levels in several wells penetrating a confined aquifer

Piezometric surface

Flowing artesian wells are expected in areas where a. Water table is very close to the land surface b. Aquifer is confined c. Elevation of the piezometric head line is above the elevation of the ground surface d. The rainfall is intense e. All of the above

Water present in artesian aquifer is usually a. At sub atmospheric pressure b. At atmospheric pressure c. At 0.5 times the atmospheric pressure d. Above atmospheric pressure e. None of the above

The volume of water that can be extracted by force of gravity from a unit volume of aquifer material is called

specific yield

which pair of terms used in groundwater hydrology are not synonymous? a. Permeability and hydraulic conductivity b. Actual velocity of flow and discharge velocity c. Water table aquifer and unconfined aquifer d. Storage coefficient and storativity e. Artesian aquifer and confined aquifer

Two observation wells penetrating into a confined aquifer are located 1.5 km apart in the direction of flow. Heads of 45m and 20m are indicated at these two observation wells. If the coefficient of permeability of the aquifer is 30m/day and the porosity is 0.25, determine the time of travel of an inert tracer from one well to another.

750 days

Darcy’s law is valid in porous media flow if the Reynolds number is less than unity. This Reynolds number is defined as a. (discharge velocity x maximum grain size)/μ b. (actual velocity x average grain size)/μ c. (discharge velocity x average grain size)/μ d. (discharge velocity x pore size)/μ e. None of the above

It is the flow capacity of an aquifer per unit width under unit hydraulic gradient and is equal to the product of permeability times the saturated thickness of the aquifer.

transmissibility

A 20-cm well penetrates 30 m below static water level (ground water table level). After a long period of pumping at a rate of 1800 lpm, the drawdowns in the observation wells at 12m and 36 m from the pumped well are 1.2m and 0.5m, respectively. Calculate the transmissibility of the aquifer.

666.2 m2/day

4.96 m

An artesian well has a diameter of 10cm, under steady state condition, what is the expected discharge (li/day) if the drawdown is 2.5m and the radius of influence is 120m? The aquifer’s hydraulic conductivity and thickness are 75mm/day and 4m, respectively

605.45 l/day

When there is an increase in the atmospheric pressure, the water level in a well penetrating a confined aquifer a. Decreases b. Increases c. Does not undergo any change d. Decreases or increases depending on the elevation of the ground e. None of the above

Specific capacity of a well is the a. Volume of water that can be extracted by the force of gravity from unit volume of aquifer b. Discharge per unit drawdown at the well c. Drawdown per unit discharge of the well d. Rate of flow through a unit width and entire thickness of the aquifer

Maximum head of shallow wells,

It is the overall instantaneous condition of the atmosphere at a certain place and time

Weather

Layer of the atmosphere where all weather occurs

troposphere

Temperature at which saturation occurs

dew point

Mean atmospheric pressure at sea level a. 14.7 psi b. 1 atm c. 760 mmHg d. 1013.25 mb e. All of the above

Calculate the height of a mountain above sea level if the barometric pressure at the peak is 92091.28 Pa assuming the air density equal to 1.3 kg/m3

724.04 m

Light steady rain in fine drops that are < 0.5 mm in size and intensity of <1 mm/hr.

drizzle

A tropical cyclone is a a. low-pressure area that occurs in the northern hemisphere only b. High-pressure area with high winds c. Zone of low pressure area with clockwise winds in the northern hemisphere d. Zone of low pressure area with anticlockwise winds in the northern hemisphere

Orographic precipitation occurs due to air masses being lifted to higher altitudes by

presence of mountain barriers

A plot between rainfall intensity vs time is called

hyetograph

What do you call the mountain side, with reference to the wind direction, in which the air mass passing through it is cold and dry. a. Windward b. Leeward c. Rainshadow area d. B and C e. None of the above

Total water lost from a cropped (or irrigated) land due to evaporation from the soil and transpiration by the plants or used by the plants in building up of plant tissue.

evapotranspiration/consumptive use

The recommended standard method for the definition and computation of the reference evapotranspiration.

FAO Penman-Monteith

Three tanks are installed side by side in a field to measure the ET of rice. Tank A is bottomless and is cropped, Tank B is bottomless and uncropped, Tank C has bottom and is uncropped. If the water losses after 2 rainless days are as follows: Tank A = 14mm; Tank B = 10mm; Tank C = 5mm. Determine the actual ET.

4.5 mm/day

Data compilation method for frequency analysis where all values above a given base are chosen regardless of the number within a given period. a. Partial duration series b. Annual maximum series c. Series of data with baseline’ d. A and B e. None of the above

It is the average interval of time within the magnitude of given event will be equalled or exceeded at least on the average.

return period

Given a probability of occurrence or exceedance of 5%. How many years will it take before a discharge of 1000 m3 /sec will be equalled or exceeded?

20 yrs

PAGASA raises a Yellow Rainfall Warning if the observed rainfall is ______________ .

7.5mm – 15mm within 1 hr

Obmrometer is a. Rain gauge that measures very small amounts of precipitation b. Device that measures rainfall intensity c. Device that measures rainfall rate d. Measures temperature e. None of the above

The greatest distance at which an observer can see and identify prominent objects.

horizontal visibility

Air in motion relative to the earth’s surface

wind

Wind speed is measured using a. Thermometer b. Pluviometer c. Anemometer d. Barometer e. Hygrometer

Hygrometer is a. Any device use to measure the vapor content of the atmosphere b. Use to measure the amount of discharge in a stream c. Any device use to measure solar radiant energy d. Device use to measure atmospheric pressure e. None of the above

In synoptic weather stations, wind vector is measured _______ above the ground surface. a. 2m b. 5m c. 1m d. 10m e. Depends with the condition

Rain bearing clouds a. Cumulonimbus b. Nimbostratus c. Altostratus d. A and B e. A and C

General name for any instrument used to measure the intensity of radiant energy from the sun, a. Actinometer b. Hydrometer c. Psychrometer d. Photometer e. None of the above

Table shows the top 11 Daily Maximum Rainfall Intensity recorded from year 1984 – 2014. Calculate the return period of the highest rainfall intensity?

32 yrs

Lead time for a TCWS # 5 is ______________ . a. 36hrs b. 24hrs c. 18hrs d. 12hrs e. 10hrs

The ratio of the mass of water vapor in a given volume of air to the mass of dry air.

mixing ratio

In calculating ET using FAO Penman-Monteith model, wind speed measurement should be taken _______above the ground. a. 10 m b. 1 m c. 2 m d. 5 m e. None of the above

The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet’s gravitational attraction.

atmosphere

Transition zone between two distinct air masses.

front

At 20°C, the required amount of energy to vaporize 1kg of water is ________. a. 1 KJ b. 2.45 KJ c. 10.5 KJ d. 5 KJ e. 7.45 KJ

Term synonymous to return period a. Recurrence interval b. Probability of return c. Time of return d. Payback time e. None of the above

Rainfall reading of less than one-hundredth of an inch (0.01 in) or one-tenth of a millimeter (0.1mm). a. Hourly rainfall b. Daily rainfall c. Trace d. Sleet e. None of the above

An increase in air temperature with height. a. Lapse rate b. Inversion c. A and B d. None of the above

A line that connects points of equal elevation above a reference level, most often sea level. a. Isohyet b. Isobar c. Contour d. Streamline e. None of the above

The process of water lost from adjacent soil, water surfaces and leaf surfaces.

evaporation

Evaporation gauge is synonymous to a. Atmometer b. Evaporimeter c. Atmidometer d. All of the above e. None of the above

Maximum sustained winds are a. 10-min average of wind measured 10m above the ground b. 3-sec average of wind measured 10m above the ground c. 10-min average of wind measured 2m above the ground d. 3-min average of wind measured 2m above the ground e. None of the above

HYDROMETEOROLOGY Flashcards

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