Hydrophilic Raw Materials - Thickners Flashcards
Cellulose
-a polysaccharide consist of chains of beta-anydroglucose units joined by acetal linkages
-the molecular weight is 300 to 500
-the prototyoe unbranched linear is resistant even tio hot water and the has to be derivatized to become water soluble
Aloe Vera
-a jelly contained in the leaves of aloe vera grown or aloe farms in USA or Mexico and parts of the Caribbean, south, and central Americana, Australia and pacific rim
-due to the presence if antheaquinone-derivates (Aloin) aloe as pharmaceutical properties
-use concentration of dry powder 2-15%
Natural Starch
-starch or amylum us polysaccharide and is contained in potatoes, wheat, maize (corn), rice, and cassava
-natural starch consist of 20% water insoluble amylose and 80% of water soluble by stepwise acid of enzymatic hydrolysis
-starch is hydrolyzed to dextrin, maltose, and finally glucose
-because of the property of amylose to swell in water it is used to manufacture tablets
- use concentration of dry powders 0.5-5%
Gum Tragacanth
-is a dried gummy of the shrub astragaius gummifer labille from India, Iran, Syria, and Turkey
-solution of tragacanth gum have extremely high viscosity
-at 5% concentration in water if form a visco-elastic gel
-it is used for suspension of solid and to impart the consistency
Guar Gum
-is endosperm meal (nutritive tissue of the seed) of yellow fruit of cyamopsis tetragonolobus;
-is an an annual plant cultivate in Pakistan, India, and USA
-dried guar gum contain 85% -94.2%of gum
-Guaran consisting of single galacrose and mannose unit the ratio is 1:2
-is soluble at room temperature
-use in concentration dry powder 0.5-7%
Locust Bearigum
-is the endosperm meal from the carrob
-the carrob is the fruit of locust bean tree or ceratonia silique tree, carefully resemble an olive tree
-contain 85% -94.2% of branched chains
- the galactose to mannose ration is 1:4
-carrubin w/xanthan gum at 1:1 ratio form thermo reversible gels
Pectins
-a generic term for a group of a muchilagineous polysaccharides
-industry pectin is extracted from citrus peel, apple pomace, or pressed suage beet pulp
-posses a strong water retain capacities and form on the skin a refreshing film
Agar Agar
-is extracted from several marine algae
-the extraction can be separated into a neutral gelling fraction agarose and a sulfated non-gelling fraction agaropectin
-insoluble in cold water but soluble in hot water
-gelation start at concentration as lows .04%
-at 5% gels are rigid
-used in cosmetic a lot of shampoo and tooth paste but mainly used in food and microbiological media
-use concentration of dry powder .04-5%
Alginates
-the number of structural component of the cell walls of brown seaweed in the corm of insoluble Ca, Mg, Na, and K salts of alginic acid
-alginates is excellent film former in cosmetic are used as co-emulsifier and thickens for gels
-use concentration of dry powder .5-15%
Carrageenan
-a structural polysaccharide found in seaweeds the name is derivate from the county carrageenen on the south of Ireland
-industrially it is produced by not alkaline extraction from red seaweed
-entirely soluble in hot water
-below pH 5 is no gel formation
- the elasticity of this fel can be improved with carob gum
-use concentration of dry powder 0.5-7%
Arabic Gum
-this is the dried exudate the acacia tree
-is a complex mixture of Ca, Mg, and K salt of arabic acid
-the gum is highly soluble in water and solutions of up 50% of gum concentration can be prepared
-solution are slightly acid
-also utilized as binder and emulsions stabilizer
Xanthan Gum
-dissolve readily in water at ambient temperature
-is soluble in glycerol at 65
-use in concentration of dry powder 0.5-5%
principle characteristics:
-high viscosity at low concentration
-pseudoplasticity with yield use
-insensitivity of the viscosity to heat. electrolyte, prolonged shearing or pH
-pleasing skin feel when used in cosmetics
PVM/MA Decadiene Cross polymer (synthetic)
-when the polymer is dispersed in water the malice annnyrdride rings are hydrolyzed to give free carboxylic groups
-at 65 degrees hydrolysis is completed in less than 90 minutes
the viscosity is then controlled by adjusting the pH w/in organic and organic acid
Carbomer (synthetic)
-cross linked acrylic polymer
-high % of carboxylic acid group along polymer chains allows it to swell in water and build some viscosity in formula
-carbomer requires neutralization by a water soluble base (ex TEA%) for the resin molecules to uncoil and swell completely which increases the viscosity dramatically
