Hydrosphere Flashcards
(10 cards)
How water moves through the Hydrological cycle. (INPUTS/STORAGE/TRANSFERS/OUTPUTS
input — precipitation mainly in the form of rainfall and snow, (1) with
the amount and duration having an impact on the level of water in the
system (1)
storage — on the surface in lakes and rivers (1) and interception by
leaves and roots of vegetation (1), with water also seeping into the
ground, stored as soil moisture in the upper layers (1) or deeper down
in rock stores such as the water table (1)
transfers — this includes the movement of clouds bearing moisture
(1) by the process of advection (1) and surface run-off as sheet wash
or rivers/tributaries, throughfall and/or stemflow, (1) is responsible
for the transferal of precipitation from the canopy to the soil (1) ,
infiltration and/or percolation (1) move water through the soil/rock
(1). Throughflow is the movement of water through the upper soil
layers towards the river, (1) with the much slower groundwater flow
taking longer to enter the river (1)
output — evaporation, transpiration from vegetation (1) and surface
run-off from rivers into seas and oceans (1).
Human factors affecting the Hydrological Cycle
- Deforestation
- Irrigation
- Urbanisation (concrete/tarmac increases overland flow)
- Mining (reduced veg. cover)
- Dam Building + Reservoirs (increased rate of evaporation)
- Afforestation (interception rates increase)
What to look for on a storm hydrograph (usually 4m)
- Lag time between end of rainfall and river discharge.
- numbers of peak rainfall and peak discharge.
- Other
River erosion -
- Hydaulic action
- Abrasion
- Solution
- Attrition
River transportation
- Traction
- Saltation
- Suspension
- Solution
River deposition
when river drops rocks and silt whenever it slows down as it no longer has the energy to carry its load.
V-shaped Valley
Waterfall
Meander
Ox-bow lake
