Hydrosphere 2 session 2

Question 1

How can liquid water be described?

Answer 1

Chaotic
Highly polar (electrical charge)

Question 2

What does the electrical charge within water create?

Answer 2

loose hydrogen bond between +O and -H

Question 3

What does the loose H bond in liquid water cause?

Answer 3

adhesive/ sticky
surface tension

Question 4

What happens to water density as it freezes?

Answer 4

it looses density

Question 5

What happens to waters structure as it freezes?

Answer 5

rigid structure- hexagonal structure
more space between molecules

Question 6

What is the environmental benefit to liquid water being sticky and has surface tension?

Answer 6

allows for higher plants (trees form lowest trophic level)
Water able to move in plants by capillary action

Question 7

What state of water is very rare in the universe?

Answer 7

liquid water

Question 8

What is the unique behaviour of water?

Answer 8

when cooled to 4*c liquid water contracts colder then this it begins to expand again

Question 9

How much will water expand upon freezing?

Answer 9

9%

Question 10

What does ice having a lower density allow it to do?

Answer 10

float on top of liquid water

Question 11

What is the effect of having ice floating on top of water?

Answer 11

profound effect on albedo as lighter surface sits above darker

Question 12

What are the main reservoirs within the hydrological cycle?

Answer 12

Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere/ surface water
Groundwater

Question 13

What is an example of solid water that can be found on another planet in the solar system and what is it composed of?

Answer 13

Martian ice cap
H20 and CO2 ice

Question 14

Where has ice been recently discovered within our solar system?

Answer 14

surface of our moon within the regolith

Question 15

What is Venus like at present and what was it like in the past?

Answer 15

Present- 480*c, High CO2 driving runaway GHG effect
Past- when sun weaker liquid water

Question 16

How do Jupiter’s moons show ice and potential liquid water evidence?

Answer 16

Ganymede is frigid has thick ice ‘lithosphere’
Europa may has vast underground ocean giving fracture texture on surface

Question 17

What is the proportion of ocean to fresh water?

Answer 17

97.5% ocean
2.5% fresh

Question 18

How is the global 2.5% fresh water split between frozen and unfrozen?

Answer 18

Frozen (glaciers and ice caps)- 74%
Unfrozen- 26%

Question 19

What is the proportion of unfrozen freshwater which is surface or ground water?

Answer 19

Groundwater- 98.5%
Surface water- 1.5%

Question 20

What are the 2 types of aquifer?

Answer 20

Confined
Unconfined

Question 21

What is an unconfined aquifer?

Answer 21

permeable rock fed by surface water usually water within soil/ rock particles

Question 22

What is a confined aquifer?

Answer 22

an impermeable rock that is dissolved forming cavities which water will collect in

Question 23

What is a karst system?

Answer 23

type of landscape where the dissolving of the bedrock has created sinkholes, sinking streams, caves, springs, and

Question 24

What types of rock are karst systems related to?

Answer 24

limestone
marble
gypsum

Question 25

What is the difference between stalagmites and stalactites?

Answer 25

stalactites- ceiling Stalagmites- floor

Question 26

How do stalagmites form?

Answer 26

limestone dissolves water becomes super saturated in CaCO3 and CO2 When reach cavity CO2 degases and CaCO3 precipitates

Question 27

What can stalagmites be compared to as for a paleoclimate reconstructor?

Answer 27

ice cores but no gas bubbles contained

Question 28

What has stalagmite evidence shown there is a link between?

Answer 28

Major drying mid Holocene in SE Asia linked to Green Sahara termination

Question 29

What might the link between drying of SE Asia and Green Sahara termination have meant for human settlement characteristics?

Answer 29

Potential driver of transition from hunter gatherer to cereal farmer

Question 30

What was Angkor Wat called?

Answer 30

the hydraulic city

Question 31

Why was Angkor Wat called the hydraulic city?

Answer 31

built on a vast water management system of canals, reservoirs and tanks that provided a constant supply of water for crops

Question 32

What was the size of Angkor Wat?

Answer 32

one of the largest cities on the planet with 1 million population

Question 33

What was used to show the full scale of Angkor Wat?

Answer 33

Lidar- laser scanning

Question 34

How are stalagmites and tree rings linked for Angkor Wat?

Answer 34

Show evidence of a prolonged drought period??

Question 35

What evidence is there in Angkor Wat that there was a failure of the water management infrastructure?

Answer 35

Bridges over canals repaired with stones from temple showing rushed job with little proper planning