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Hydrosphere Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Includes all of the water on or near the earths surface

A

Hydrosphere

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2
Q

Is the continuous movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean

A

Water cycle

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3
Q

All the oceans are joined in a single large interconnected body of water called

A

World ocean

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4
Q

Plays an important role in the regulation of the planets environment

A

World ocean

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5
Q

Earths ocean basins

A

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic

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6
Q

Largest and deepest ocean single largest geographic feature on earth

A

Pacific

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7
Q

Half the size of the pacific

A

Atlantic

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8
Q

Smaller than the Atlantic but has the same average depth

A

Indian

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9
Q

7% the size of the pacific and 1/4 as deep as the other oceans

A

Arctic

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10
Q

It contains more salts

A

Ocean water

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11
Q

Difference between ocean water and fresh water

A

Ow contains more salt

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12
Q

Measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of liquid, it can vary depending upon the amount of rain, temp, and freshwater that flows from the ocean

A

Salinity

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13
Q

Has a higher salinity because it is colder

A

Deep water

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14
Q

Absorb and store energy from sunlight which in turn regulates temp in earths atmosphere

A

World ocean

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15
Q

What happens if the oceans did not regulate atmospheric and surface temp.

A

Temp will be too extreme for life to exist here on earth

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16
Q

An episode occurring every 3 to 7 years of ocean warming that affects the eastern tropical pacific warm counter currents become usually strong and replace normally cold off shores with warm Equatorial waters. Marked by abnormal weather patterns in equator and Peru

A

El Niño

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17
Q

Surface conditions in eastern pacific are colder than average can increase hurricane activity

A

La Niña

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18
Q

Water that contains insignificant amounts of salts

A

Fresh water

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19
Q

How many percent does freshwater make up the earth?

A

3%

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20
Q

Where are most of the fresh waters locked up

A

Ice caps and glaciers while others are found in lakes rivers wetlands soil and atmosphere

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21
Q

A stream that empties into another stream

A

Tributaries

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22
Q

Most important agents of erosion

A

Streams; running waters

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23
Q

The ability of a stream to ______ and transport depends on its _____

A

Erode; velocity

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24
Q

Factors that determine velocity

A

Gradient channel characteristic, discharge

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25
Slope or steepness of a stream channel. The steeper it is, the more energy the stream has as it flows downhill
Gradient
26
The course in water in a stream follows, as water flows it encounters friction from the sides and bottom. The amount of it is caused by its size, shape, and roughness
Channel characteristic
27
The volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time
Discharge
28
An act of following a winding course an aimless manner
Meandering
29
A large area that drains to the ocean
River basin
30
Example of a river basin
Catawba river basin
31
A smaller area that drains to a certain area
Watershed
32
A underground groundwater water source that we use
Aquifer
33
Expressive to pump and purify
Deep salty aquifer
34
Rain and melting snow sink into the ground and run off the land, most water trickles down through the ground and collects it as a
Groundwater
35
It makes up 1% of the earth it fulfills the human need for fresh drinking water and supplies agricultural and industrial need
Groundwater
36
Are all the freshwater sources found on the continents
Inland waters
37
An area of land in which inland waters drain into the same larger body of water also called catchment area or drainage basin
Watershed
38
Ex of watershed
St. Lawrence river
39
Factors that affect how water flow within a water shed
Topography, geology, climate, vegetation, development
40
Slope of the land;steep slopes drain easily and quickly
Topography
41
Type of rock; holes or gaps in rock and compact clay
Geology
42
Rainfall winds temperature
Climate
43
Highly vegetated areas that slow down water flow
Vegetation
44
A dam can prevent water from flowing merely
Development
45
Is all frozen water on the surface of the earth
Cryosphere
46
Composed of ice floating on the oceans near the north and south poles Extent of pack ice changes with seasons Due to the effect of global warming the extent of it is shrinking
Pack ice
47
A mass of ice on land formed by compressed snow | Contained 79% of earths water
Glacier
48
Largest glaciers are at the
Poles ex Greenland icecap
49
Smaller glaciers exist in
Mountain ranges ex bc and Alberta
50
Melting at a fast rate due to global warming
Glaciers
51
The melting of glaciers and pack ice may lead to
Rise in sea level and consequent flooding of low lying lands ex Florida
52
Ex of glacier
High alpine glacier
53
Energy resources from the hydrosphere
Hydroelectric dams
54
Energy derived from moving water
Hydraulic energy
55
Three main sources of hydraulic energy
Rivers, waves, ocean currents
56
Convert a hydraulic energy into electrical power Water flowing through its turbines create electricity Produce little greenhouse gases but cause large areas of flooding upstream Release toxic mercury into the environment
Hydroelectric dam
57
Derives most of its electricity from hydro dams
Quebec
58
Example of hydro dams
James bay, sibulan Davao deal sur, maramag, bukidnon pulangi
59
What can be attached to turbines to create electrical energy
Buoys
60
Can harness ocean current energy much the same way a windmill operates
Underwater turbines
61
Most of these ideas are under the prototype stage
Waves and ocean currents
62
Human impact on the hydrosphere
Water pollution, fish kill, oil spill, North Pacific gyre
63
Pollution and degradation of water resources
Chemical pollution, thermal pollution, oil spills, plastics
64
Metals mercurys pcbs mine drainage
Chemical pollution
65
Heat discharge from factories can decrease oxygen content and lead to fish kills
Thermal pollution
66
6million tones per year
Oil spills
67
North Pacific gyre an ocean garbage dump
Plastics
68
Where does pollution come from | Sources of point pollution
23 million septic tank systems 190000 storage lagoons for waste 90000 municipal landfills 2 million underground storage tanks containing gasoline or pollutants Thousands of public and industrial wastewater treatment plants
69
Sources of non point pollution
Highway construction Storm water run off from cities or suburban streets like feces etc. Pesticides 50 mill tones of fertilizer applied to lawns and caps 10 million tons of dry salt applied to highways
70
Possible problems of pollution
``` Temp. Increase Organic waste in water Suspended solids in the river Detergents found in water Runoff from fertilized land Vehicles used ```
71
Effects of pollution
``` Decrease in dissolved oxygen High turbidity High level of phosphates High levels of nitrate Oh of water changes ```
72
Where does pollution come from
``` Marine transportation Sewage Industrial waste Pollutants of air Farm run off Offshore oil Litter ```
73
Dug or tap into underground water hard to prevent contaminated water
Wells
74
Made into underground aquifers. Lined sealed and do a better job of keeping out microorganism xu and chemicals
Drilled wells
75
Problems with wells
Contaminated by micro organisms | Soil salination
76
Aquifer depletion
Salt water intrusion | Subsidence
77
Occurs when salt water moves in where fresh water is located
Salt water
78
When the land level falls due to loss of groundwater
Subsidence
79
Used to provide drinking water for agriculture, generate hydro power and recreational activities
Dams
80
Dam problems
``` Flood upstream Fragmentation Sedimentation Reservoir is a breeding ground for disease insects Disrupts the natural flow of rivers ```
81
Dam removal benefits
Avoid catastrophic Dam failure Benefit aquatic life Restore downstream habitats Restore natural flow of streams and rivers
82
Farming adds excess fertilizers to rivers and lakes Stimulate algae growth Lead to algae blossoms reduce oxygen levels fish kills and green scum
Eutrophication process
83
Eutrophication experiment by university of Manitoba
No blue green algal bloom carbon nitrogen Blue green algal bloom carbon nitrogen phosphorus
84
Importance of water conservation
Sustainability Energy conservation Habitat conservation Reduce water consumption per capita

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