hygiene

Question 1

what is hygiene defined as

Answer 1

Hygiene can be defined as actions and practices that decrease the spread or transmission of pathogens, thereby lessening the occurrence of illness.

Question 2

hygiene includes things like

Answer 2

washing hands, face, and body with soap and water
dental care
nail care

Question 3

integumentary system

Answer 3

• Physical barriers serve as the first line of defense in preventing pathogens from entering the body.
• The integumentary system, consisting of:
  * Skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands,
  and, sweat glands
• Its function is to block pathogens from entering the immune system from the outside environment.

Question 4

the skin

Answer 4

Largest organ in the body, covering most of the outer surfaces of the body
* First line of defense against pathogens
* Serves as a physical barrier to offer protection to the internal parts of the body
* Contains Langerhans cells, whose role is to sense and kill pathogens that are found on the skin trying to enter the body

Question 5

the skin layers

Answer 5

the skin is made up of two layers, the superficial epidermis and the dermis

Question 6

the epidermis

Answer 6

• The epidermis is the outer layer of
  the skin that lays upon the dermis
  protecting it.

Question 7

the dermis

Answer 7

• The dermis underlines the epidermis and is made up of connective tissue together with
  nervous tissue, blood, and blood vessels. The dermis layer provides the skin with its strength and elasticity.

Question 8

the hypodermis

Answer 8

The hypodermis, also known as the subcutaneous layer, is beneath the dermis and separates the dermis from the underlying organs.

Question 9

the hypodermis

Answer 9

• The hypodermis, which contains adipose tissue, acts as a cushion from any physical trauma and insulates as it serves as fat
  storage.

Question 10

where are mucous membranes found

Answer 10

mouth
respiratory tract
GI tract
urinary tract
other areas exposed to outside environment

Question 11

what are mucous membranes

Answer 11

• Acts as a barrier to outside pathogens.
• They secrete mucus to entrap pathogens and small particles.
• The nares have cilia which are shaped like little hairs
• Cilia trap particles inhaled while breathing, pushing them to the front of the nose or
  back of the throat, causing the person to cough or sneeze and preventing them from
  entering the body.

Question 12

primary roles for teeth

Answer 12

• Chewing food to make it easier to swallow
• Provide support and structure to the face
• Assist in producing sounds during speech

Question 13

what is the teeths first line of defense

Answer 13

enamel
* Protects against plaque and pathogens
* The hardest material in the human body

Question 14

what is below the enamel

Answer 14

dentin
Protects the pulp inside the teeth

Question 15

pulp of teeth

Answer 15

Composed of blood vessels, nerves, and
connective tissue
* Supplies nutrients to the teeth

Question 16

oral hygiene

Answer 16

• Keeping the mouth and teeth clean by
  brushing and flossing the teeth and using
  fluoride mouthwash to promote oral health.
• Should be done at least twice daily
• Nurses should assist clients with oral
  hygiene as needed
• Clients on ventilators should be provided
  oral hygiene frequently to reduce the risk of
  Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
• Inadequate oral hygiene can lead to:
• Tooth decay
• Gingivitis
• Periodontitis
• Oral care should include dentures and other
  dental appliances clients use

Question 17

nails

Answer 17

nails contain layers of keratin that protect the distal ends of the fingers and toes from injury

Question 18

cuticles

Answer 18

• Surround proximal and lateral edges of nails
• A form of epidermis
• Connects the skin of the finger to the nail plate, forming a barrier to prevent infection of underlying tissue

Question 19

pterygium

Answer 19

a membrane located behind the cuticle
- provides additional protection to skin form pathogens

Question 20

nail care

Answer 20

Keep nails and cuticles clean and dry
* Use gloves during prolonged contact with water or using harsh chemicals
* Trim nails straight across using sharp manicure scissors or clippers
* Longer nail length has been shown to conceal a greater number of germs compared to shorter nail length.
* Rub lotion into nails and cuticles when using hand cream
* Discourage biting or picking at nails or cuticles, which can allow bacteria or fungi to enter and cause
infection

Question 21

health care associated infection

Answer 21

Health Care-associated infections (HAI’s)
are Infections acquired in a healthcare
facility such as a hospital, nursing home, or
ambulatory care facility

Question 22

some was to help avoid health care-associated infections

Answer 22

• Effective handwashing is necessary to
  prevent healthcare-associated infections.
• Alcohol-based hand sanitizer is a solution
  that can often be used in place of soap and water.
• Hand sanitizer must contain at least 60%
  alcohol to effectively kill most infectious pathogens.
• Should NOT be used when:
• Hands are visibly soiled
• After providing care to a client with infectious
  diarrhea
• After being exposed to bacteria produced by
  spores (Clostridium difficile)

Question 23

what is health promotion

Answer 23

the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve all aspects of their general health

Question 24

health promotion focuses on

Answer 24

Creating awareness of health problems
* Producing positive changes in behavior related to prevention and beliefs about illness
* Encouraging increased utilization of health services

Question 25

encompasses the whole person, to include:

Answer 25

Mental well-being * Physical well-being * Spiritual well-being and * Social well-being

Question 26

development considerations in newborns and infants

Answer 26

* Bathing 3 times weekly should be sufficient for most newborns. * Bathing more frequently can cause excessive drying and damage delicate skin.

Question 27

diaper dermatitis

Answer 27

* Diaper dermatitis - a condition in which the skin becomes inflamed in response to various substances such as urine, feces, fungal and bacterial infections, and allergic reaction to substances in the diaper.

Question 28

treatments for diaper dermatitis

Answer 28

* Can occur in clients of any age who wear diapers * Most common in infants aged 9-12 months * The most notable risk factor is increased moisture from wearing a diaper. * Treatment includes: * Frequent diaper changes * Washing and cleaning the skin with water and soap-free cleanser * Using topical emollients to create a barrier between skin and diaper

Question 29

developmental considerations for school-age children and teenagers

Answer 29

Hormonal changes during the preteen and teenage years can cause changes in the skin including: * Increased sweating * Oily skin * Good Hygiene practices during this time can help reduce skin breakdown * Bathing daily * Washing hair at least every other day * Using deodorant or antiperspirant * Using mild, non-comedogenic cleansers and soaps can help prevent oily skin

Question 30

encouraging good habits does waht

Answer 30

decreases the risk of infections to poor hygiene and skin breakdown

Question 31

developmental considerations with older adults

Answer 31

May resist bathing or showering for various reasons including illness or disease but other factors can include: * Pain with mobility * Fear of water or the sound of water * Fear of falling * Fear of the water temperature (too hot or cold) * Difficulty getting in and out of the shower * Giving clients choices concerning bathing can be enough to encourage it.

Question 32

ignoring refusals to bathe with older adults is

Answer 32

* Ignoring refusals to bathe can be considered abuse. However, overlooking hygiene needs can jeopardize the client's health.

Question 33

what does finding a way to work with clients do that is important for overall health

Answer 33

* Finding the reason for their reluctance and working with them to find a solution is the job of the nurse and important to the client's overall health.

Question 34

hemiplegia

Answer 34

paralysis that affects one side of the body

Question 35

bariatric challenges

Answer 35

- Clients who are referred to as “bariatric” are of increased weight or body mass index (BMI). Increased BMI causes distinctive physiological changes that affect skin integrity, such as extremely deep skin folds, especially in the abdominal region.

Question 36

dementia

Answer 36

Clients with dementia may have difficulty performing personal hygiene activities, which can be the first sign of dementia.

Question 37

foot care

Answer 37

Foot care should be performed daily using soap and water. * Drying the feet completely is important, particularly between the toes * Apply lotion, especially on the heels but avoid the area between the toes * The nurse should inspect the feet for any cuts, blisters, cracked skin, or discoloration and pay particular attention to individuals at higher risk of impaired peripheral circulation * Follow facilities policies on trimming nails

Question 38

perineal care defined

Answer 38

cleaning the perineum, the area located between the tailbone and pubic arch.

Question 39

parts to perineal care

Answer 39

For females this means the area between the vulva and anus. * For males, this area is between the scrotum and anus. * Can be performed during a bed bath, tub bath, or shower as well as needed in-between bathing. * If appropriate, the client should be allowed to perform their perineal care. * If an indwelling urinary catheter is in place, catheter care should be performed daily when bathing the client and if the area becomes soiled due to incontinence of the bowel throughout the day.

Question 40

complete bed bath

Answer 40

Complete bed bath: Bathing a client who remains in the bed, is usually required for those clients who are unable to ambulate to the bathroom and bathe themselves.

Question 41

partial bed bath

Answer 41

Partial bed bath: A bath given in bed by the nurse or other designated health care provider in which the client completes part of the bath themselves.

Question 42

how much alcohol should hand sanitizer have

Answer 42

60%

Question 43

bariatric at bigger risk for what infections

Answer 43

yeast

Question 44

poor oral hygiene can lead to

Answer 44

- cardiovascular issues - oral issues/disease