Hyper and Hypothyroidism Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is Thyrotropin?
Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland
What does the pituitary gland do when it sense the level of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream?
The pituitary gland sends TSH through the bloodstream to the thyroid gland
TSH stimulated the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormone
The thyroid gland sends thyroid hormone through the bloodstream to the rest of the body
What is the function of Thyroid gland?
The function is to take iodine, found in many founds, and convert it into thyroid hormones:
Trilodythyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
How much of Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine does the thyroid gland procude?
Triiodothyronine - 20%
Thyroxine 80%
What does Thyroxine do?
Metabolised by enzymes in the liver, brain and kidneys to produce triiodothyronine
What is Triiodothyronine?
Active form of Thyroxine
What do the hormones do?
Regulate weight, energy levels, internal temp, skin, hair, nail growth, metabolism
What are some effects of Hypothyroidism?
Cardiac: Slow pule, reduced cardiac output
Metabolic: Decreased metabolism, cold skin, weight gain
Neuromuscular: Weakness, sluggish reflexes
Mental, emotional: Mental process sluggish, personality placid
Gastro: Constipated
General somatic: Cool, dry skin
What are some effects of Hyperthyroidism?
Cardiac: Increased radial and cardiac output
Metabolic: increased metab, skin hot and flush, weight loss
Neuromuscular: Tremor, hyperactive reflexes
Mental, emotional: Restlessness, irritability, emotional lability
Gastro: Diarrhoea
General somatic: Warm, moist skin
What are some symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?
- Tachycardia, palpations
- Staring gaze
- Nervousness, restlessness, fatigue
- SOB, weight loss with increased appetite
- Nausea, vomiting
- Muscle weakness
- Warm, most skin
What is Grave’s disease? (patho)
Autoimmune disorder
Immune system creates antibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobins.
They mimic thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and trick the thyroid gland into producing more hormones than is necessary.
What are some Grave’s disease symptoms?
Affects the muscles and soft tissues around the eye
Body to produce an inflammatory response
Symptoms develop because of swelling around the eye, forward bulging of the eyes. and retraction of the eyelids
This is called exophthalmos
What is The Thyroid Storm? (Thyrotoxicosis)
Increased metabolic rate results in increasing O2 consumption and use of metabolic fuels.
- Hyperthermic (40+)
- Tachycardia
- Congestive failure, Angina, AF
- Agitation, confusion, delirium
- Diarrhoea and vomiting - dehydration
This is rarely seen.
Can lead to cardiac, hepatic or renal failure
What are some causes of Hypothyroidism?
- Autoimmune disease
- Thyroid surgery
- Radiation therapy
- Thyroiditis
- Medicine
Less often:
- Problems present at birth
- Pituitary disorders
- Pregnancy
- Not enough iodine
What are some symptoms of Hypothyroidism?
- Confusion, lethargy
Bradycardia - Muscle cramps
- Dry cool skin
- Oedema - hands and eyelids
- Constipation
- Weight gain
How do those with Hypothyroidism present?
- Hair dry, coarse, sparse
- Lateral eyebrows thin
- Periorbital oedema
- Puffy full face with dry skin
What is Myxoedema?
- Hard and non-pitting mucosal oedema
- Most common in face and other superficial parts
- Puffy face, enlarged tongue, hoarse or husky voice
- Oedema can accumulate in the interstitial space of any organ system: pericardial or pleural effusion may result
What are some causes of Myxoedema?
- Thyroidectomy
- inflammation from radiation therapy
- amyloidosis
- sarcoidosis
What is a Myxoedemic Coma?
Results in CO2 retention, hypoxia, fluid and electrolyte imbalance and hypothermia
What happens during a Myxoedemic coma?
- Cardiovascular collapse
- Hypoventilation
- Metabolic imbalance
- Hyponatremia - low sodium levels which can result in seizure or coma
- Hypoglycaemia
- Latic acidosis
What can exacerbate a Myxoedemic coma?
Infection
Damage to gland
Cessation of medication
Illness
Trauma
What is the treatment for Myxoedemic coma?
Synthetic hormone levothyroxine given IV
