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HYPER RESET Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypersensitivity resulting from immune response to foreign antigens causing host tissue damage

A

Hypersensitivity Reactions

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2
Q

Type of hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgE and mast cell degranulation

A

Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction

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3
Q

Alternative names for Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Immediate hypersensitivity+Anaphylactic reaction+Allergy

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4
Q

Immune mediators primarily involved in Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

IgE

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5
Q

Cells responsible for releasing histamine in Type 1 reactions

A

Mast cells+Basophils

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6
Q

Cytokines released by TH2 cells stimulating IgE production

A

IL-4+IL-5+IL-13

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7
Q

Process where IgE binds to Fc receptors on mast cells

A

Sensitization

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8
Q

Substances released during mast cell degranulation

A

Histamine+Leukotrienes+Prostaglandins+Platelet-activating factor (PAF)

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9
Q

Clinical manifestations of chemical mediators in Type 1 reactions

A

Vasodilation+Wheal and flare+Edema+Redness+Itching

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10
Q

Skin test method using allergen pricks to detect immediate reactions

A

Percutaneous/Prick test

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11
Q

Positive indicator in skin prick testing

A

Wheal larger than 3-4 mm

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12
Q

Common allergens detected via skin prick panels

A

Pollen+Dust mites+Foods+Animal dander

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13
Q

Body areas for administering skin prick tests

A

Inner forearm+Back

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14
Q

Scoring criteria for skin prick test reactions

A

Presence/Absence of wheal+flare+Measurement of wheal diameter

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15
Q

Test used when skin prick results are negative but clinical suspicion remains

A

Intradermal test

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16
Q

Conditions associated with Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Asthma+Hay Fever+Atopic Dermatitis+Eczema+Food allergies

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17
Q

Role of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Present allergens to TH2 cells via T-cell receptors

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18
Q

Molecule on mast cells binding IgE Fc portion

A

IgE Fc receptor

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19
Q

Timeframe for Type 1 reaction symptom onset

A

Within minutes post-exposure

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20
Q

Systemic severe manifestation of Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Anaphylactic shock

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21
Q

Function of leukotrienes in Type 1 reactions

A

Bronchial constriction+Increased vascular permeability

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22
Q

Purpose of direct skin testing in allergy diagnosis

A

Identify specific allergens causing immediate reactions

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23
Q

Key difference between skin prick and intradermal tests

A

Sensitivity+Allergen concentration used

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24
Q

Tool used to measure wheal diameter

A

Vernier caliper

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25
Test with higher anaphylaxis risk (0.05%)
Intradermal test
26
Syringe type for intradermal test
1mL tuberculin syringe
27
Volume injected in intradermal test
0.01-0.05ml
28
Test locations for intradermal testing
Inner forearm+Upper arm
29
Safety measure during intradermal testing
Tourniquet application
30
Positive intradermal test indicator
Wheal >3mm
31
Reason for intradermal test sensitivity
More antigen used
32
Test performed after negative prick result
Intradermal test
33
Clinical example requiring intradermal test
Rabies+Antitetanus pre-vaccination screening
34
Reason for allergen dilution in intradermal tests
100-1000x more diluted than prick test
35
Primary mediator in in vitro allergy tests
IgE
36
Test measuring total IgE levels
Radioimmunosorbent Test (RIST)
37
RIST methodology
Competitive radioimmunoassay
38
Labeling agent in RIST
Radioisotopes
39
Clinical significance of elevated IgE
Allergies+Parasitic infections+Eczema
40
RIST solid-phase component
Anti-human IgE coated dextran
41
RIST detection method
Radioactivity measurement
42
Purpose of radio-labeled anti-IgE in RIST
Quantify captured IgE
43
Condition causing false-positive IgE elevation
Parasitic infections
44
Key difference in sensitivity between prick and intradermal tests
Intradermal uses diluted allergen solutions
45
Type of immunoassay used in RAST
Noncompetitive radioimmunoassay
46
Test that measures allergen-specific IgE in patient serum
Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST)
47
Solid phase in RAST test
Disc or substrate coated with specific allergen
48
Sequence of RAST test
Add patient serum to allergen-coated solid phase+add radio-labeled anti-human IgE+measure radioactivity
49
Result measured in RAST test
Radioactivity proportional to specific IgE present
50
Purpose of RAST test
Identify which allergens trigger patient’s allergic responses
51
Type of hypersensitivity reaction tested by RAST
Type 1 hypersensitivity
52
Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction is also called
Antibody-mediated cytotoxic reaction
53
Main immune mediators in Type 2 hypersensitivity
IgG+IgM+macrophages+polymorphonuclear leukocytes
54
Mechanisms of cell destruction in Type 2 hypersensitivity
Phagocytosis+Complement activation
55
Examples of Type 2 hypersensitivity
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Goodpasture’s Syndrome Rheumatic Fever Myasthenia Gravis Type 2 Diabetes
56
Cells that recognize Fc portion of antibodies in phagocytosis
Macrophages
57
Effect of complement activation in Type 2 hypersensitivity
Formation of membrane pores+cell lysis
58
Diagnostic test for antibody-coated RBCs
Direct Antiglobulin Test (Coomb’s Test)
59
Purpose of Direct Antiglobulin Test
Detect immunoglobulin or complement on patient RBCs
60
Reagent used in Coomb’s Test
Coomb’s reagent
61
Diagnostic test for Goodpasture’s Syndrome
Direct fluorescence examination of renal tissue biopsy
62
Finding in renal biopsy for Goodpasture’s Syndrome
IgG deposits in glomerular basement membrane
63
Test to detect autoantibodies in patient serum
Indirect fluorescence immunoassay
64
Substrate commonly used in indirect immunofluorescence
Hep2 cells
65
Type 3 hypersensitivity is also known as
Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
66
Key mechanism in type 3 hypersensitivity
Deposition of antigen+antibody (Ag+Ab) complexes in tissues
67
Main immune mediators in type 3 hypersensitivity
IgG+IgM
68
Cells involved in inflammation and tissue damage in type 3 hypersensitivity
Macrophages+Mast cells+Cytokines+Neutrophils
69
Complement system activation in type 3 hypersensitivity
Triggered by deposited immune complexes
70
Common tissue sites for immune complex deposition
Blood vessels+Kidneys+Joints+Skin
71
Result of neutrophil enzyme release at deposition sites
Inflammation+Tissue destruction
72
Examples of diseases with type 3 hypersensitivity
Systemic lupus erythematosus+Rheumatoid arthritis+Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis+Serum sickness+Farmer’s lung
73
Laboratory methods used to detect immune complexes
Latex agglutination+Immunoassays+Fluorescent staining
74
Type 4 hypersensitivity is also known as
Delayed type hypersensitivity or T cell mediated hypersensitivity
75
Main immune cells in type 4 hypersensitivity
Sensitized T cells
76
Key mediators released by T cells in type 4 hypersensitivity
Cytokines
77
Typical time course for type 4 hypersensitivity
12 to 96 hours after exposure
78
Result of cytokine release in type 4 hypersensitivity
Tissue damage+Inflammatory response
79
Diseases associated with type 4 hypersensitivity
Leprosy+Tuberculosis+Hashimoto’s syndrome+Poison ivy+Type 1 diabetes mellitus+Graft rejection
80
Gold standard test for contact dermatitis
Patch test
81
Patch test procedure
Apply nonabsorbent adhesive patch with allergen to clear skin on back for 48 hours
82
Positive patch test result
Redness with papules or tiny blisters at test site
83
Negative patch test result
No reaction
84
Test for tuberculosis exposure in type 4 hypersensitivity
Mantoux method+Tuberculin skin test+PPD test
85
Antigen used in Mantoux test
Purified protein derivative (PPD) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
86
Volume injected in Mantoux test
0.1 ml intradermally in forearm
87
Time to read Mantoux test result
48 to 72 hours after injection
88
Positive Mantoux test result
Induration of 15mm or more
89
Possible causes for 10mm Mantoux induration
TB exposure+High-risk occupation+Drug use+Immunocompromised state
90
Indication for 5mm Mantoux induration
HIV infection+Recent contact with TB case
91
Interpretation of positive Mantoux test
Indicates exposure to TB or related mycobacteria+Not definitive for active infection

IS LAB (6 decks)

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