Hyperlipidemia, Metabolic Syndrome, & Obesity Flashcards
(47 cards)
What is hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia?
umbrella term for lipid abnormalities in Total cholesterol, LDL-C, TG, or HDL
What is hypercholesterolemia?
increase in total cholesterol and LDL-C or low HDL
What is triglyceridemia?
increase solely in TG
What is the leading cause of death for men, women, and people of most racial and ethnic groups?
heart disease
What is a major CV risk factor in the development of ASCVD?
hyperlipidemia
Approx ___% of adults have ________ levels.
50, elevated LDL-C
What are the 3 main lipids in the body?
-cholesterol
-triglycerides
-phospholipids
What is cholesterol?
fat-like waxy substance composed of long-chain hydrocarbon fatty acid compounds
insoluble in water
has an essential role in body functions
In excess, cholesterol causes ______ ______ in vessels and ______.
plaque formation, ASCVD
What are the essential roles of good cholesterol?
bile acid synthesis
-digestion of fats
-stored in the gallbladder
-some eliminated in feces
hormone synthesis
-cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone
vitamin D3 synthesis
cell membrane structure
Why can excess cholesterol be bad?
excess cholesterol accumulates in arterial walls forming plaques obstructing blood flow
inc risk of MI, stroke, and PVD
Where does cholesterol come from?
hepatocytes- endogenous (primary source)- approx 80% from own body
diet- exogenous (remaining source)
How is cholesterol produced?
-endogenous production
-exogenous production
-reverse cholesterol transport
Where does endogenous cholesterol synthesis occur?
endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes
What is the mevalonate pathway for endogenous cholesterol synthesis?
hydrocarbon molecules are broken down through a series of enzymatic reactions
Enzyme HMG-CoA reductase- rate-limiting step
regulated by binding protein SREBPs
low cholesterol levels –> triggers SREBPs to break from its molecule –> binds to HMG-CoA gene –> results in inc HMG-CoA reductase activity –>activates mevalonate –> cholesterol inc
What inhibits HMG- CoA reductase?
statins
What is the exogenous cholesterol pathway?
dietary fat
protein NPC1L1 helps absorb cholesterol from intestinal lumen into cells > bile breaks down fats into triglycerides > chylomicrons transport triglycerides thru circulation > enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL) breaks chylomicrons down into fatty acids and glycerol “remnants” > remnants go into muscle and adipose tissue, transported to the liver for storage, or excreted in feces with the help of HDL-C
What protein removes cholesterol from peripheral tissues and arteries?
ABCA1
What enzyme breaks down cholesterol into cholesterol esters?
LCAT
What is on the surface of the HDL lipoprotein that facilitates transportation to the liver for excretion?
Apolipoprotein A1
What is involved in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway for cholesterol excretion?
ABCA1, LCAT, Apolipoprotein A1
How does cholesterol move through the body?
cholesterol and triglycerides require the help of lipoproteins to move through our circulation
What is the structure of the lipoprotein?
lipid core- contains hydrophobic molecules of triglycerides and cholesterol
surface layer- contains phospholipids, free cholesterol, variety of apolipoproteins
What is found on the surface of lipoprotein?
amino acids
