Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Test 2 🏁🏁 > Hypersensitivity (Allergy) and Autoimmunity > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity (Allergy) and Autoimmunity Flashcards

1
Q

Allergy

A

An inappropriate, often harmful response of the immune system to normally harmless substances
Hypersensitive reaction to an allergen initiated by immunologic mechanisms that is usually mediated by IgE antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Allergen

A

the substance that causes the allergic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Angioedema

A

Painless swelling under the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Antibody

A

protein substance developed by the body in response to and interacting with a specific antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

all blood vessels and bronchiolar smooth muscle cause widespread blood vessel dilation, decreased cardiac output and bronchconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

erythema

A

diffuse redness of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

histamine

A

substance in the body that causes increased gastric secretion, dilation of capillaries, and constriction of the bronchial smooth muscle
- cause of anaphylaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hypersensitivity

A

abnormal heightened reaction to a stimulus of any kind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

immunoglobulins

A

a family of closely related proteins capable of acting as antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

leukotrienes

A

a group of chemical mediators that initiate the inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

urticaria

A

hives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Allergic reaction:

A
  • Manifestation of tissue injury resulting from interaction between an antigen and an antibody
  • Body encounters allergens that are types of *antigens
  • Body’s defenses recognize antigens as foreign
  • Series of events occurs in an attempt to render the invaders harmless, destroy them, and remove them from the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Immunoglobulins and Allergic Response

A
  • Antibodies (IgE, IgD, IgG, IgM, and IgA) formed by lymphocytes and plasma cells
  • IgE antibodies are involved in allergic disorders
  • IgE molecules bind to an allergen and trigger mast cells or basophils
  • These cells then release chemical mediators such as histamine, serotonin, kinins, SRS-A, and neutrophil factor
  • These chemical substances cause the reactions seen in allergic response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Role of B Cells and T Cells in Allergic Response

A

B cells; also known as B lymphocyte
- Programmed to produce one specific antibody
- Stimulates production of plasma cells; antibody production
- Results in outpouring of antibodies
T cells; also known as T lymphocyte
- Assist B cells
- Secrete substances that destroy target cells and stimulate macrophages
- Digest antigens and remove debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Allergic Reaction

A

Allergen triggers the B cell to make IgE antibody, which attaches to the mast cell. When that allergen reappears, it binds to the IgE and triggers the mast cell to release its chemicals.

  • Skin contact:
    — poison plants
    — Animal scratches
    — Pollen
    — Latex
  • Injection: bee sting
  • Ingestion: medication/nut and shellfish
  • Inhalation:
    — Pollen
    — Dust
    — Mold and mildew
    — Animal dander
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypersensitivities/Allergies

A
  • Increased/excessive response to presence of antigen exposure
  • Degree of reaction ranges from:
    — Uncomfortable (itchy, watery eyes; sneezing)
    — Life threatening (allergy asthma, anaphylaxis, bronchoconstriction, circulatory collapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hypersensitivity

A
  • Abnormal heightened reaction to a stimulus of any kind
  • Types of hypersensitivity reactions:
    — *Anaphylactic: type I; most severe
    — Cytotoxic: type II
    — *Immune complex: type III
    — Delayed type: type IV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Assessment of Patients With Allergic Disorders

A
  • History and manifestations; comprehensive allergy history
  • Diagnostic tests
    — *CBC: eosinophil count
    — Total serum IgE
    — Skin tests: prick, scratch, and intradermal
    — Allergy testing – Skin testing shows immediate hypersensitivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Type I: Rapid
Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • Also called atopic allergy Most common type
  • Some reactions occur only in areas of antigen exposure
  • Caused by increased production of *immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody class
  • ** First time exposure body makes antigen 2nd exposure causes response
20
Q

Type I: Rapid Hypersensitivity Reactions
Allergens contracted by:

A
  • Inhalation (pollens, spores, animal dander, dust, grass, ragweed)
  • Ingestion (foods, food additives, drugs)
  • Injection (bee venom, drugs, biologic substances)
  • Contraction (latex, pollens, foods, environmental proteins)
  • Eg. *Extrinsic Asthma, Allergic rhinitis, systemic anaphylaxis, reactions to bee stings.
21
Q

Type I: Anaphylactic Reaction

A
  • An anaphylactic reaction is characterized by vasodilation, increased capillary, permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and eosinophilia.
  • Systemic reactions may involve laryngeal stridor, angioedema, hypotension, and bronchial, G.I., or uterine spasm
  • Local reactions are characterized by hives
  • Examples of type I reactions include
    — extrinsic asthma
    — allergic rhinitis (seasonal allergies)
    — Systemic anaphylaxis
    — Reactions to insect stings
22
Q

Anaphylaxis

A
  • Mild, moderate, and severe systemic reactions
  • Symptoms are sudden in onset and progress in severity over minutes to hours
    — Flushing
    — Urticaria
    — Angioedema
    — Hypotention
    — Bronchoconstriction
  • Common Causes; Refer to Chart 37-2 pg 1065
    — Antibiotics most common; penicillin (most common cause)
  • Mild: something bad is going to happen/ apprehension (i feel like im going to die/ sense of doom),
  • Moderate:
  • Severe:
23
Q

Type 1: Rapid Hypersensitivity Reactions

A

Anaphylaxis (medical emergency)
- Life Threatening
- Rapid Onset
- Effects many systems
- Not Common
- Death due to delay of epinephrine
- S/S
— Blood vessel dilation
— Increased Cap Permeability
— Smooth Muscle Contraction
— Eosinophilia
— Laryngeal Stridor
— Angioedema
— Hypotension
— Bronchial, GI or uterine spasm
— Hives

24
Q

Angioedema

A
25
Q

Patient-Centered Collaborative Care Assessment

A
  • Feelings of uneasiness, apprehension, doom
  • Generalized itching, urticaria
  • Erythema, angioedema
  • Wheals or hives
  • Congestion, rhinorrhea, dyspnea, respiratory distress
26
Q

Patient-Centered Collaborative Care Emergency Care
Interventions

A
  • Assess respiratory function
  • Establish or stabilize airway
  • Stay with patient
  • Epinephrine
  • Antihistamines
  • Oxygen
  • Beta-adrenergic agonist
  • Corticosteroids, oral steroids
27
Q

Patient-Centered Collaborative Care

A
  • Call Rapid Response team.
  • Patient may lose consciousness
  • Dysrhythmias, shock and Cardiac Arrest can occur within minutes due to loss of intravascular volume
28
Q

Prevention and Management of Anaphylaxis

A
  • Screen and prevent
  • Treat respiratory problems, oxygen, intubation, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation as needed
  • Epinephrine 1:1000 subcutaneously
  • Auto injection system: EpiPen
  • May follow with IV epinephrine
  • IV fluids (to avoid shock)
29
Q

Medications to Treat Allergic Reactions

A
  • Oxygen, if respiratory assistance is needed
  • Epinephrine used for anaphylactic reactions
  • Anti-histamines- blocks histamine from binding to receptor
  • *Beware patients with High Blood Pressure (may be adverse reactions)
  • Corticosteroids- decrease inflammation and excess immunity
  • Decongestants- vasoconstriction of inflamed tissue
30
Q

Latex Allergy

A
  • Type I hypersensitivity reaction
  • Protein found in natural latex rubber products is specific allergen
  • Allergen causes interaction with IgE
  • Incidence of latex allergy is increasing
  • Health care workers especially susceptible
  • Allergic reaction to natural rubber proteins Implicated in rhinitis, conjunctivitis, contact dermatitis, urticaria, asthma, anaphylaxis
  • Prevalence has been decreasing due to the use of nonlatex gloves
  • 8% to 17% of healthcare workers affected Products containing Latex Table 37-5
  • Different types of reactions, refer to Table 37-6
  • ## Foley catheter
31
Q

Type II: Cytotoxic Reaction

A
  • Type II: a cytotoxic reaction, which involves binding either the IgG or IgM antibody to a cell bound antigen, may lead to eventual cell and tissue damage. The reaction is the result of mistaken identity when the system identifies a normal constituent of the body as foreign and activates the complement cascade.
  • Examples of type II reactions are:
    — Myasthenia gravis
    — Good pasture syndrome
    — Pernicious anemia
    — Hemolytic disease of the newborn
    — Transfusion reaction
    — Thrombocytopenia
32
Q

Type II: Cytotoxic Reactions

A
  • Body makes special autoantibodies directed against self cells that have some form of foreign protein attached to them
  • Clinical examples:
    — Myasthenia Gravis – antibodies against normal nerve ending receptors
    — Goodpasture’s syndrome – antibodies against lung and renal tissue
    — Hemolytic anemias
    — Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
    — Hemolytic transfusion reactions
    — Drug-induced hemolytic anemia
  • Distruction of red blood cells
33
Q

Goodpasture’s Syndrome

A
  • Autoantibodies made against glomerular basement membrane and neutrophils
  • Lungs and kidneys
  • Shortness of breath, hemoptysis, decreased urine output, weight gain, edema, hypertension, tachycardia
  • Treatment: – High-dose corticosteroids
  • affects lung and kidneys
  • treatment: suppress immune system
34
Q

*Type III: Immune Complex Reaction

A

Type III:
- an immune complex reaction is marked by acute inflammation, resulting from formation and deposition of immune complexes.
- The joints and kidneys are particularly susceptible to this kind of reaction, which is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, serum sickness, nephritis, rheumatoid arthritis.
- some signs and symptoms include urticaria, joint pain, fever, rash, and adenopathy (swollen glands)
- connective tissue diseases

35
Q

Type III: Immune Complex Reactions

A
  • Excess antigens cause immune complexes to form in blood
  • Circulating complexes lodge in small blood vessels triggering inflammation and tissue or vessel damage
  • Usual sites: Kidneys, skin, joints
  • Also known as Connective Tissue Disorders
    — Rheumatoid Arthritis
    — Systemic Lupus erythematosus
    — Serum sickness
36
Q

Type IV: Delayed or Cellular Reaction

A

Type IV:
- a delayed, or cellular, reaction occurs 1 - 3 days after exposure to an antigen.
- The reaction, which result in tissue damage, involves activity by lymphokines, macrophages, and lysozymes.
- Erythema and itching are common; a few examples include:
— Contact dermatitis
— Graft vs. host disease
— Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
— Sarcoidosis
- Other examples:
— Positive purified protein derivative – *PPD for TB
— Contact dermatitis -
— Poison ivy skin rashes
— Local response to insect stings
— Tissue transplant rejection
— Sarcoidosis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qleqYBPaAyc
- reaction may happen hours later
- treatment: remove pt from source, Benadryl, steroids

37
Q

Health Promotion and Maintenance

A
  • Prevention is best
    — Medical alert bracelet
    — Notify health care personnel about specific allergies
  • Carry anaphylaxis kit or epinephrine injector
  • Medical records should prominently display list of specific allergens
  • Precautionary measures if drug or agent must be used despite history of allergic reaction
38
Q

Self-Administration of Epinephrine

A
39
Q

When could a “rebound” anaphylactic reaction occur after
an initial attack even when epinephrine has been given?
- A. 1 hour
- B. 2 hours
- C. 3 hours
- D. 4 hours

A

D

40
Q

The emergency Room nurse cares for the client having an anaphylactic reaction as a result of a bee sting. The client exhibits signs of bronchial edema, hypotension, rapid pulse and pruritus at the sting site. Which is the priority action for the nurse to perform?
- a. Decrease Fluids
- b. Maintain a patent Airway
- c. Obtain an allergy history
- d. Perform allergy testing.

A

B

41
Q

The client was stung by a bee less than 15 minutes ago and now presents with a Type 1 hypersensitivity Reaction. Which should the nurse do when caring for this client.
- a. Obtain immunoglobulin levels
- b. Apply a topical steroid to the site as ordered
- c. Administer antibiotics to prevent systemic infection
- d. Maintain the airway and monitor vital signs.

A

D

42
Q

The emergency Room nurse cares for the client having an anaphylactic reaction as a result of a bee sting. The client exhibits signs of bronchial edema, hypotension, rapid pulse and pruritus at the sting site. Which is the priority action for the nurse to perform?
- a. Decrease Fluids
- b. Maintain a patent Airway
- c. Obtain an allergy history
- d. Perform allergy testing.

A

B

43
Q

The client was stung by a bee less than 15 minutes ago and now presents with a Type 1 hypersensitivity Reaction. Which should the nurse do when caring for this client.
- a. Obtain immunoglobulin levels
- b. Apply a topical steroid to the site as ordered
- c. Administer antibiotics to present systemic infection
- d. Maintain the airway and monitor vital signs.

A

D

44
Q

If a client has an anaphylactic reaction to an antibiotic it is most important for the nurse to take which action after notifying the health care provider.
- a. Administer artificial respirations
- b. Suction the airway
- c. Start an intravenous infusion
- d. Give epinephrine subcutaneously

A

D

45
Q

Antigen

A

foreign protein or allergen

46
Q
  • Epinephrine:
    Teaching
A
  • teach how to use it:
    — inject into thigh
    — hold for 10 secs
    — sub/ IM
    — 0.3 - 0.5 ml q5-15 min as needed
  • carry 2 pens
  • how to store it
    — keep in dark place
  • it expires; get new ones

Test 2 🏁🏁 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions