Hypertension

Question 1

What are the symptoms for hypertension

Answer 1

1. Asymptomatic
2. Difficulty breathing
3. Chest pain
4. Severe headache
5. Dizziness

Question 2

Name ACE inhibitors

Answer 2

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
Eg. Ramipril, Lisinopril, Enalapril
ALL THE PRILs

Question 3

What is the mechanism of action for ACE inhibitors

Answer 3

Prevents ACE converting Angiotensin 1 into Angiotensin 2 which prevents vasoconstriction from occuring in vascular smooth muscle cells

Question 4

Name ARBs

Answer 4

Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers
Eg. Irbesartan, losartan, candesartan

Question 5

What is the mechanism of action for ARBs

Answer 5

Block angiotensin 2 type receptor which prevents calcium from being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which prevents vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscles

Question 6

Name the 2 types of calcium channel blockers and give examples of drugs that fall in their classes

Answer 6

1. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers
   Eg. Amlodipine, Nifedipine, Felodipine
2. Non- dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers
   Eg. Verapamil and Diltiazem

Question 7

What is the mechanism of action for calcium channel blockers and what are the differences between the two types

Answer 7

Mechanism of action: Block L-type voltage gated calcium channels, which prevent the influx of Ca ions entering the cells which prevent vasoconstriction and contractility
Dihydropyridine CCBs: Selective for vascular smooth muscles
Non-Dihydropyridine: Cardiac and smooth muscle selective

Question 8

Name alpha blockers

Answer 8

Doxazosin, Prazosin and Terasozin
all the Osins

Question 9

What is the mechanism of action for alpha blockers

Answer 9

Work by blocking a1- adrenergic receptors, therefore preventing norepinephrine from binding to receptor, which prevents ca ions from being released from sarcoplasmic reticulum and therefore vasoconstriction is inhibited- In vascular smooth muscles

Question 10

Name beta blockers

Answer 10

Bisoprolol, Labetalol, Atenolol
all the OLOLsssss

Question 11

What is the mechanism of action for beta blockers

Answer 11

Work by blocking the beta 1 adrenergic receptor (in cardiac myoctes) which prevents calcium entry, which decreases contractility, cardiac workload and oxygen demand is decreased which means that heart does not have to work as hard

Question 12

Name Thiazide like diuretics

Answer 12

Indapamide, Xipamide, Metolazone

Question 13

What is the mechanism of action for thiazide like diuretics

Answer 13

1. Competitively binds to the Cl- binding site of the NaCl co-transporter
2. Inhibits Na+ reabsorption
3. Thefore reducing H20 reabsoption
4. Leading to lower blood pressure

Question 14

What drug class does spironolactone belong to

Answer 14

Mineral corticoid receptor antagonist

Question 15

What is the mechanism of action for spironolactone

Answer 15

1. Blocks the effect of aldosterone
2. Inhibits Na+ reabsorption and therefore H2O reabsorption
3. Reduces K+ excretion
4. Decreases blood pressure