Hypertension Flashcards
(36 cards)
Define hypertension
High blood pressure
How can blood pressure be calculated?
Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance
- These factors can lead to increased BP
What are the 3 types of hypertension?
- Primary
- Secondary
- Malignant
What is primary hypertension?
90% of the time, hypertension occurs naturally (idiopathic)
What is secondary hypertension?
the rest of the time, it occurs due to underlying conditions such as renal diseases, endocrine dysfunctions, drugs or pregnancy
What is malignant hypertension?
- This is a severe increase in blood pressure and requires emergency assessment and treatment
- Blood pressure is at or over 180/120mmHg
What are the stages of hypertension?
1, 2, 3
What are BP measurements for stage 1 hypertension?
140/90mmHg (C) 135/85mmHg (A)
C – Clinic A - Ambulatory
What are BP measurements for stage 2 hypertension?
160/100mmHg (C) 150/95mmHg (A)
What are the BP measurements for stage 3 hypertension?
180/120mmHg
What are modifiable risk factors for hypertension?
Smoking
Obesity
Alcohol
Sedentary Lifestyle
Poor Diet/High Sodium intake
Stress
What are non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension?
Older Age
Family History
African Heritage
What lifestyle advice would you tell someone with hypertension?
Advice on diet, exercise and weight loss
Stop smoking
Stop drinking alcohol
Salt Restriction
What are symptoms of hypertension?
- Mostly asymptomatic and found when screening
- May have pulsatile headache which is classically occipital and worse in the morning
What are signs of hypertension?
May present with signs of the underlying cause of secondary hypertension (e.g. phaeochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism or Cushing’s)
What are signs of malignant hypertension?
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Visual Disturbances
Cardiac Symptoms
Oliguria
Polyuria
End Organ Damage
What are the complications of hypertension?
- Heart Failure
- Increased IHD Risk
- CKD/Renal Failure
- Peripheral Arterial Disease
- Dementia
- Increased Risk of Cerebrovascular Incidence
How often do NICE recommend measuring BP for screening?
Every 5 years
In whom are BP measurements done more frequently?
fast-tracked and done more frequently in borderline cases and in patients with diabetes
What is used to diagnose BP?
Clinic BP measurement then ambulatory BP measurement to confirm
Between what range of clinic BP reading is an ambulatory blood pressure offered to confirm diagnosis?
between 140/90mmHg and 180/120mmHg
How does ambulatory blood pressure measure BP?
This 24-hour blood pressure measurement takes at least 2 measurements per hour
What is the ambulatory BP measurement for stage 1 hypertension?
If it is over 135/85mmHg
What is the ambulatory BP measurement for stage 2 hypertension?
over 160/95mmH
