hypertension

Question 1

blood vessel types (5)

Answer 1

artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

Question 2

artery characteristics

Answer 2

muscular and elastic

Question 3

arteriole characteristics

Answer 3

muscular

Question 4

capillary characteristics

Answer 4

small diameter, thin-walled

Question 5

venule characteristics

Answer 5

slightly muscular

Question 6

vessel wall layers (5)

Answer 6

lumen, tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa, external elastic lamina, tunic adventitia

Question 7

heart rate

Answer 7

number of times the heart beats per minute

Question 8

normal heart rate

Answer 8

60-85 bpm

Question 9

stroke volume

Answer 9

volume of blood ejected from the heart in one beat

Question 10

normal stroke volume

Answer 10

70 ml

Question 11

cardiac output

Answer 11

volume of blood ejected form the heart per minute

Question 12

cardiac output calculation

Answer 12

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 13

normal cardiac output

Answer 13

5 litres

Question 14

peripheral resistance

Answer 14

resistance that must be overcome for blood to flow in the circulatory system

Question 15

what contributes to peripheral resistance?

Answer 15

arterioles (smooth muscle tone), capillaries and venules

Question 16

mean arterial blood pressure

Answer 16

average pressure exerted by the blood onto the walls of major arteries

Question 17

mean arterial blood pressure calculation

Answer 17

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

Question 18

normal mean arterial blood pressure

Answer 18

<107 mmHg

Question 19

factors affecting MABP

Answer 19

stroke volume, ventricular contractile force, artery elasticity, peripheral resistance

Question 20

systolic blood pressure

Answer 20

peak arterial pressure during heart contraction

Question 21

diastolic blood pressure

Answer 21

minimal arterial pressure during heart relaxation

Question 22

hypertension

Answer 22

consistently high blood pressure causing damage to endothelial cells and later haemorrhages

Question 23

hypertension BP

Answer 23

> 140/90 mmHg

Question 24

hypotension

Answer 24

consistently low blood pressure

Question 25

hypotension BP

Answer 25

<90/60 mmHg

Question 26

hypotension causes

Answer 26

dehydration, heart failure, MI, arrhythmia, shock

Question 27

diurnal fluctuations

Answer 27

changes in BP during the day

Question 28

atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 28

released by atrial myocytes to decrease ADH secretion

Question 29

antidiuretic hormone

Answer 29

released by pituitary gland cells causing decreased sodium and water excretion and therefore vasoconstriction and increased BP

Question 30

adrenaline

Answer 30

released by chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla causing increased heart rate and ventricular contractile force and therefore increased cardiac output

Question 31

renin

Answer 31

released by juxtaglomerular cells and cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I

Question 32

angiotensin converts enzyme

Answer 32

cleaves inactive angiotensin I to form angiotensin II

Question 33

angiotensin II

Answer 33

acts as potent vasoconstrictor by acting on AT receptors to stimulate ADH and aldosterone secretion

Question 34

aldosterone

Answer 34

released by the adrenal cortex causing increased sodium and water reabsorption

Question 35

primary aldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)

Answer 35

high aldosterone caused by tumours or adrenal gland hyperplasia leading to polydipsia, polyuria and persistent hypokalaemia

Question 36

primary hypertension

Answer 36

95% of cases, no clear cause

Question 37

secondary hypertension

Answer 37

5% of cases, caused by other underlying condition

Question 38

elevated BP

Answer 38

<130/80 mmHg

Question 39

stage I hypertension

Answer 39

<140/90 mmHg

Question 40

stage II hypertension

Answer 40

>140/90 mmHg

Question 41

stage III or crisis hypertension

Answer 41

>180/120 mmHg

Question 42

modifiable risk factors

Answer 42

exercise, weight, smoking, alcohol, diet/diabetes, stress, sleep

Question 43

non-modifiable risk factors

Answer 43

renovascular disease, endocrine disorders, neurological disorders, aortic diseases, pregnancy conditions, substances, sleep apnea

Question 44

secondary hypertension causes

Answer 44

renovascular disease, endocrine disorders, Cushing's disease, aortic diseases, pregnancy, sympathomimetics, steroids, NSAIDs, alcohol