Hypertension Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is the definition of hypertension?
Hypertension is characterized by a persistent elevation of arterial blood pressure, defined as BP readings of ≥ 140/90 mmHg.
What is considered normal blood pressure?
Normal blood pressure typically ranges from 90/60 mmHg to 120/80 mmHg.
What are the two main types of hypertension?
Primary (Essential) Hypertension
Secondary Hypertension
What is primary (essential) hypertension?
No specific identifiable cause
What is secondary hypertension?
Results from an underlying condition or is induced by certain medications.
What are 4 modifiable risk factors for hypertension?
High salt intake
Smoking
Obesity
Physical inactivity
What are 2 non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension?
Age
Family history
What are 6 possible symptoms of severe hypertension?
Headaches
Chest pain
Blurred vision
Difficulty breathing
Irregular heartbeat
Dizziness
What is the clinic BP for Stage 1 Hypertension?
≥140/90 mmHg
What is the clinic BP for Stage 2 Hypertension?
≥160/100 mmHg
What is considered severe hypertension?
Clinic BP: ≥180/110 mmHg
What is the primary goal of hypertension treatment?
To reduce the risk of cardiovascular events by lowering blood pressure and preventing arterial damage.
What are some non-pharmacological management strategies for hypertension?
Regular exercise
Dietary changes (healthy, low-sodium diet)
Alcohol reduction
Smoking cessation
What are first-line therapies recommended for younger patients with hypertension and or Type 2 Diabetes?
ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
What is recommended for patients over 55 or of Black African/African Caribbean descent?
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are generally preferred.
What is the target BP for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) patients?
Generally, <135/85 mmHg; <130/80 mmHg if albuminuria is present or two or more metabolic syndrome features exist.
What BP target is recommended for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients under 80?
<140/90 mmHg
What BP target is recommended for T2DM patients aged 80 and older?
<150/90 mmHg
What is the BP target for patients with hypertension and renal disease when ACR <70 mg/mmol?
<140/90 mmHg
What BP target is recommended for hypertension in pregnancy?
Aim for ≤135/85 mmHg.
What are the two primary mechanisms that may result in hypertension?
Increased Cardiac Output
Increased Peripheral Resistance
What is the mechanism of ACE inhibitors?
Block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing peripheral vascular resistance.
What is the mechanism of calcium channel blockers (CCBs)?
Block the entry of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac cells, leading to vasodilation.
What are 4 common adverse effects of ACE inhibitors?
Hypotension
Dry cough
Hyperkalaemia
Potential to worsen renal failure
