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Respiratory and Cardio > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Distribution of blood pressure

A

Normal distribution

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2
Q

Problems with hypertension management

A

Isn’t discrete population groups of ‘hypertension’ and ‘not hypertension’
Most asymptomatic, treatments have side effects

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3
Q

BP can be adjusted by producing changes in the following variables =

A
  • Cardiac output/stroke volume
  • Blood volume
  • HR
  • Resistance to blood flow
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4
Q

2 types of receptors that input into CVS

A
  1. Baroreceptors

2. Chemoreceptors

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5
Q

Baroreceptors found in =

A

Carotid sinus
Aortic arch
Right atrium

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6
Q

Chemoreceptors found in =

A

Carotid bodies

Aortic bodies

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7
Q

Systems which control BP

A

Cardiovascular system

Renal system

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8
Q

Effects of angiotensin II

A

Vasoconstriction

Aldosterone release

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9
Q

Where is aldosterone released from?

A

Adrenal cortex

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10
Q

Effects of aldosterone

A

Increase Na+/H2O retention

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11
Q

Effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline =

A

Increase HR
Increase contractility
Vasoconstriction

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12
Q

AHD effects =

A

Retain H2O

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13
Q

ANP stands for

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

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14
Q

ANP is released from

A

Atria

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15
Q

Effects of ANP =

A

Lowers flood pressure. Vasodilation, stimulating kidneys to secrete more H2O and Na+

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16
Q

NO is released by

A

Endothelial cells

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17
Q

NO causes

A

vasodilation

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18
Q

Effects of nicotine =

A

Increase BP, stimulate sympathetic neurones

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19
Q

Effects of alcohol =

A

Lowers BP by inhibiting ADH

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20
Q

90-95% of patients with hypertension have

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A

Essential/primary hypertension

21
Q

Early stages of essential hypertension =

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A

Higher than normal cardiac output/blood volume

22
Q

Chronic stages of essential hypertension =

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A

Blood volumes/cardiac output normal.

Increased systemic vascular resistance

23
Q

What causes increased systemic vascular resistance in chronic essential hypertension?

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A

Thickening of vessels
Reduced lumen diameter
Increased vascular tone
Reduced NO/reduced sensitivity to NO

24
Q

5-10% of hypertension cases are due to

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A

Secondary hypertension

25
Secondary hypertension often has what kind of cause?
Endocrine | Renal
26
Ex of renal causes of hypertension
Renal artery stenosis | Chronic renal disease
27
Renal artery stenosis =
Kidneys are hypoperfused RAAS system activated Increased blood volumes, cardiac output, resistance
28
Chronic renal disease is caused by
Processes which damage the kidney (e.g. diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis)
29
Chronic renal disease =
Reduces Na+/H2O excretion | Increased renin release
30
Examples of endocrine causes of hypertension
Conns syndrome | Phaeochromocytoma
31
Conns syndrome also known as
primary hyperaldosteronism
32
Causes of Conns syndrome
Adrenal tumors | Hyperplasia
33
What happens in Conns syndrome?
Increased aldosterone Na+ and H2) retention Decreased renin and K+
34
What is decreased in Conns syndrome?
Renin:aldosterone | K+
35
A phaeochromocytoma is a
Neuroendocrine tumour of the adrenal medulla
36
A phaeochromocytoma secretes
Catecholamines
37
Effects of phaeochromocytoma =
Alpha mediated vasoconstriction | Beta mediated cardiac stimulation
38
How to diagnose phaeochromocytoma
Diagnose 24 hr urinary catecholamines
39
What is a coarctation of the aorta?
Aortic narrowing
40
What causes coarctation of the aorta?
Congential condition - aorta narrowed where ductus arteriosus inserts
41
What occurs in coarctation of the aorta?
``` Kidneys are hypoperfused RAAS activated Upper body hypertension Lower body normotension Radialfemoral delay ```
42
Radiofemoral delay occurs in what condition?
Coarctation of the aorta
43
Other causes of secondary hypertension:
``` Cushings Thyroid Pregnancy Alcohol Liquorice ```
44
How does liquorice cause hypertension?
Inhibits enzyme which forms cortisone from cortisol - cortisol acts like aldosterone
45
What can happen to the eye in hypertension?
Retinopathy/pizza pie
46
What in the eye can be a sign of hypertension?
Papilloedema
47
What is accelerated hypertension?
A recent significant elevation over baseline blood pressure which is associated with organ damage
48
What does papilloedema indicate?
Raised ICP
49
What happens to the brain in accelerated hypertension?
Goes over upper limit of autoregulation - arterioles dilate - hyperperfusion - cerebral oedema - hypertensive encepalopathy

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