Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cardiovascular System > Hypertension, diseases of aorta, arteries, veins and lymphatics > Flashcards

Hypertension, diseases of aorta, arteries, veins and lymphatics Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

how deadly is hypertension and why?

A

biggest killer in the world

because of the risk of cardiovascular disease and end-organ damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the causes of hypertension?

A

no single cause

polifactorial and poligenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the risks associated with hypertension?

A 
heart failure 
CVA (stroke, MI)
kidney failure
vascular disease
eye disease (retinopathy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are some of the risk factors for hypertension?

A 
smoking
diabetes
age
gender (male)
obesity
pregnancy
alcoholism
genetics/family history
race
hypercholesterolaemia
environment
salt intake
stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which family link is more likely to develop hypertension?

A

siblings and identical twins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which ethnicity is more likely to develop hypertension?

A

afrocaribbeans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is defined as hypertension?

A

BP higher than 140/90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what types of hypertension are there, what is their prevalence?

A 
primary hypertension (90%)
secondary hypertension (10%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the causes of primary hypertension?

A

often idiopathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the causes of secondary hypertension?

A

kidney disease
pregnancy
endocrine disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a potential cause for primary hypertension?

A

increased arteriolar resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the main target of treatment for hypertension?

A

the RAAS system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the approach to hypertension?

A

stepped approach

use low doses of multiple drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are common drugs given for hypertension?

A 
ACEi/ARB
CCB
thiazide diuretics
methyldopa (pregnancy)
nifedipine (pregnancy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what treatments are given to pregnant women for hypertension/preeclampsia?

A

methyldopa
nifedipine
beta blocker
hydralazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which subgroups should ACEi not be given to and why?

A

Older patients - because of kidney damage risk
Afrocaribbeans - because of angioedema risk
Pregnant women - because of teratogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what treatment should be given first line to people over 55 and afrocaribbeans for hypertension?

A

Calcium channel blocker or thiazide diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are less commonly used drugs in hypertension?

A

doxazosin
methyldopa
hydralazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what investigations should be done for hypertension?

A

Ambulatory BP meter
calculate risk (with online calculator)
ECG/kidney function tests (assess end-organ damage)
look for underlying treatable causes of HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the main non-pharmacological treatments for hypertension?

A

weight loss
smoking cessation
salt intake reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are common risk factors for aortic aneurysms?

A 
atherosclerosis
hypertension
smoking
high cholesterol
connective tissue diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the common types of aortic aneurysms?

A

saccular aneurysm
fusiform aneurysm
false (dissecting) aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are some infectious/inflammatory diseases which cause aortic disease?

A

takayasu’s arteritis

syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the imaging investigations carried out to diagnose aortic aneurysms?

A

Echocardiogram
CXR
MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the medical and surgical treatment for aneurysms?
medical - antihypertensives | surgical if severe/emergency
26
what type of aneurysm is seen most commonly by cardiologists?
dissecting aneurysm
27
how is a dissecting aneurysm diagnosed with imaging?
CXR echocardiogram CT scan
28
what are some signs/symptoms of aortic aneurysms?
- often asymptomatic - hoarseness/dysphagia if compressing L Recurrent laryngeal nerve - heart failure/aortic regurgitation - shortness of breath
29
what are some signs/symptoms of dissecting aneurysms?
- sharp pain between shoulder blades/chest pain - collapse - cardiogenic shock - pulmonary oedema - hypertension/hypotension
30
what are the different types of aortic coarctation and the incidence of some of them?
- ductal - pre-ductal (turner's syndrome) - post-ductal (most common in adults)
31
what are some of the signs of aortic coarctation?
hypertension upper limbs low pulse/cold lower limbs before subclavian artery: radial-radial delay right radio-femoral delay after subclavian artery: no radial-radial delay right and left radio-femoral delay
32
how is aortic coarctation diagnosed with imaging?
echocardiogram CT scan MRI scan
33
what is the treatment of takayasu's arteritis?
steroids | surgery if severe
34
what are the complications of cardiac syphilis?
risk of aneurysm | risk of aortic regurgitation
35
what are the cardiac risks associated with bicuspid aortic valve disorders?
abnormal aorta risk of aneurysm/dissection risk of aortic regurgitation
36
what are the imaging investigations used to diagnose bicuspid aortic valve?
echocardiogram CXR MRI
37
what are some symptoms in children and adults with aortic coarctation?
children - normally severe, heart failure | adults - hypertension
38
what are the most common congenital aortic abnormalities due to?
Marfan's syndrome aortic coarctation bicuspid aortic valve
39
what are common causes of peripheral artery disease?
atherosclerosis | thromboembolism
40
what are two common types of peripheral artery disease?
chronic limb ischaemia | acute limb ischaemia
41
what are the risk factors for chronic limb ischaemia?
same risks as the ones for atherosclerosis
42
what are possible signs of chronic limb ischaemia?
``` pallor pain faint/no pulse ulceration gangrene if severe prominent collateral circulation ```
43
what are possible tests to diagnose chronic limb ischaemia?
``` history and examination ECG, FBC, U&E Ankle Brachial Index Buerger's test Doppler ultrasound CTA/MRA angiogram ```
44
what treatment options are there for chronic limb ischaemia?
``` same as ischemic heart disease: antiplatelets blood pressure medication statins smoking cessation exercise diabetic control surgery - embolectomy, angioplasty/bypass ```
45
what is the classification used to diagnose critical limb ischaemia?
fontaine classification
46
what is acute limb ischaemia?
complete occlusion of artery supplying part of the leg
47
what are the signs of acute limb ischaemia?
``` 6 P's perishingly cold pain pallor paresthesia paralysis pulseless ```
48
what is the management of acute limb ischaemia?
analgesia, heparin | urgent surgery - embolectomy or angioplasty, amputation
49
what is the main treatment of diabetic foot disease?
prevention, foot care diabetic control revascularisation amputation
50
what causes varicose veins?
regurgitation from saphenofemoral junction or saphenopoplitear junction --> increased pressure --> blood backs up the great/small saphenous vein
51
what are possible signs/symptoms of varicose veins?
``` obvious enlarged superficial veins itching burning heaviness phlebitis bleeding ulcerating swelling pain ```
52
what are the tests that can be done to diagnose varicose veins?
tap test | doppler test
53
how can varicose veins be classified and treated?
``` CEAP classification only treat if symptomatic or severe CEAP heat treatment (ablation) deep treatment (slerotherapy) stripping the vein ```
54
what is chronic venous insufficiency?
inability of veins to move blood back up to the heart
55
what symptoms can chronic venous insufficiency show?
oedema eczema ulceration hypopigmentation
56
how can chronic venous insufficiency be managed?
compression stockings
57
what is lymphoedema and what can it be caused by?
obstruction of lymphatic drainage primary or secondary caused by obliteration of the lymph vessels or hyperplasia/congestion of lymph vessels
58
how is lymphoedema commonly treated?
drainage and elevation
59
what are the possible functional and anatomical imaging techniques used to visualise blood vessels?
``` xray catheter angiograms (xray + contrast) CT MRI ultrasound functional MRI nuclear imaging ```
60
which patients should not go through catheter angiograms?
people with renal disease | people with allergies to contrast
61
what can be used as contrast apart from iodinated contrast?
carbon dioxide

Cardiovascular System (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions