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Cardiovascular system SA > Hypertension- regulation of arterial resistance > Flashcards

Hypertension- regulation of arterial resistance Flashcards

1
Q

State Darcys law

A

Flow = pressure difference/ resistance

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2
Q

What does poisuelles law about what factors affect resistance

A

Resistance is affected by, radius, viscosity and length of vessels

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3
Q

What has the greatest effect on totally pulmonary resistance

A

varying the radius of the vessels

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4
Q

What is the benefit of adjusting total pulmonary resistance by altering the radius

A

allows for re direction of blood flow

controling flow through individual vascular beds

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5
Q

What is the equation for Mean arterial pressure

A

Cardiac output X total periphery resistance

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6
Q

decreasing the radius of the arterioles increases the TPR, what affect does this have on the mean arterial pressure

A

therefore increases mean arterial pressure

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7
Q

How is the flow rate maintained in the capillaries beds

A

By maintaining mean arterial pressure within the correct range by controlling the resistance of the vessels

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8
Q

What is the two levels of control that maintain flow rate and Mean arterial pressure

A

Extrinsic control

Intrinsic control

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9
Q

What is extrinsic control concerned about

A

maintaining the total periphery resistance of the body

and maintain adequate MAP

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10
Q

What is intrinsic control concerned about

A

The needs of the individual tissue involved

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11
Q

What is extrinsic control due to

A

Sympathetic NS

Hormones

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12
Q

What is the affect of sympathetic NS on extrinsic control of the blood flow through vascular bed

A

release norepinephrine
binds to alpha1-receptors causing§ arteriolar constriction, decreasing the radius, therefore increasing the TPR, which reduces the flow rate of the blood

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13
Q

What are the different hormones affecting the extrinsic control of the blood flow through the vascular bed

A

Epinephrine from the medulla
Angiotensin
Vasopressin
Atrial natriuretic peptide & Brain natriuretic peptide

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14
Q

What is Epinephrine affect on extrinsic control on most muscles

A

binds to alpha1-receptors
causes arteriolar constriction
decreasing the radius, therefore increasing the TPR, which reduces the flow rate of the blood

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15
Q

What is epinephrines affect on extrinsic control of skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

also activates beta2-receptors
- causes arteriolar dilation
Increasing the flow rate and decreasing TPR

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16
Q

What do both Angiotensin and Vasopressin respond to, and what further affect does this have

A

Produced/released in response to low blood volume

causes arteriolar constriction therefore increasing the TPR, reducing the flow rate

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17
Q

What kind of hormone is vasopressin

A

antidiuretic hormone - controls body water balance by reducing urination

18
Q

What is Atrial natriuretic peptide & Brain natriuretic peptide released in response to

A

released in response to high blood volume

causes arteriolar dilation decreasing TPR, increasing flow rate

19
Q

What effect does Parasympathetic NS have on extrinsic control

A

has no effect

20
Q

What is 4 examples which cause local intrinsic controls affecting the flow rate and TPR

A

Active metabolic hyperaemia
Pressure flow autoregulation
reactive hyperanemia
The injury response

21
Q

Active (metabolic) hyperaemia process is triggered by what

A

An increase in metabolic activity, causing an increase in concentration of metabolites

22
Q

The increase in metabolites in active hyperaemia and pressure flow regulation creates a negative feedback effect by triggering the release of what

A

EDFR

23
Q

What affect does the release of EDFR have on the vessels in active hyperaemia and pressure flow auto regulation

A

Makes the smooth muscle relax and dilate causing arterial dilation, increasing flow rate

24
Q

What is the purpose of active hyperaemia

A

To get rid of the metabolites concentration building up

and match blood supply to metabololic needs of the that tissue

25
Q

Pressure flow auto regulation process is triggered by what

A

Decrease in mean arterial pressure causes a decreases in flow causing an increased contraption of metabolites

26
Q

What is the purpose of the pressure flow auto regulation

A

an adaptation to ensure that a tissue maintains its blood supply despite changes in mean arterial pressure

27
Q

What Intrinsic control could be possibly myogenic

A

Pressure flow auto regulation

28
Q

What occurs in the Intrinsic control of reactive hyperanemia

A

Blockage of blood supply causes a subsequent increase in blood flow

29
Q

What is hyperanemia an extreme version of

A

Pressure flow auto regulation

30
Q

What occurs in the local intrinsic effect of an injury

A

Mast cells release histamine, this causes arterial dilation increasing blood flow
as well as increasing permeability resulting in oedema

31
Q

What is the benefit of histamines indirectly increasing the blood flow

A

aids delivery of blood born leucocytes etc to injured area

32
Q

In coronary circulation how is the blood supply interrupted

A

As each time the heart contracts during systole it shuts of its blood supply as aortic valves open to expel blood but the valves opening shuts of the entry to the coronary arteries

33
Q

What kind of receptors do coronary circulation express a lot of

A

B2 receptors

34
Q

How does the coronary circulation cope with the increased demand caused by exercise

A

its hyperaemia - release EDFR

and has an abundance of B2 receptors which both dilates the BV so doesn’t starve itself of oxygen

35
Q

What local intrinsic control allows stability to be maintained in the cerebral circulation

A

Pressure autoregulation

36
Q

How does pulmonary circulation differ to most tissues

A

as a decrease in oxygen causes arterial constriction

37
Q

What is the purpose of the pulmonary circulations opposing effect

A

this ensures the blood is directed to the best ventilated part of the lungs - shunt

38
Q

What is the main function of the renal circulation

A

Filtration

39
Q

What local intrinsic control does renal circulation portray to ensure the mean arterial pressure remains stable

A

shows excellent pressure autoregulation

40
Q

Why is it important to not vary Mean arterial pressure in the renal circulation

A

as would have a big effect on blood volume

41
Q

What are the four special areas that allow there specific properties to correlate to their function

A

Coronary
Cerebral
Renal
Pulmonary

Cardiovascular system SA (43 decks)

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