hypertention Flashcards
(16 cards)
What is the most likely cause of her secondary hypertension?
Elevated cortisol levels,
weight gain, mood swings, and increased thirst are classic Cushing syndrome symptoms.
Cushing syndrome
Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to primary hypertension.
Primary hypertension is caused by:
Increased sympathetic activity leading to vasoconstriction
Increased renin secretion causing angiotensin II production
Resulting in vasoconstriction and aldosterone release, leading to salt and water retention
It’s often idiopathic, influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
How does smoking affect blood pressure and cardiovascular health?
Smoking affects blood pressure and cardiovascular health by:
Temporarily raising blood pressure
Damaging artery walls, leading to narrowing
Increasing risk of heart disease and stroke
Secondhand smoke also raises blood pressure
Quitting smoking can improve heart health and lower blood pressure.
Explain the significance of measuring blood pressure at different times for diagnosing hypertension.
Measuring blood pressure at different times is crucial for diagnosing hypertension because:
One high reading isn’t enough
Requires at least three elevated readings
Ensures accurate assessment while resting
Helps identify persistent elevation, known as hypertension
This approach prevents misdiagnosis and promotes early detection.
Discuss the impact of obesity on blood pressure levels.
Obesity impacts blood pressure by increasing blood volume, which raises pressure on artery walls. More weight requires more blood to supply oxygen and nutrients, leading to higher blood pressure levels. This can increase the risk of hypertension and related health issues.
How does stress influence blood pressure, and what are some coping strategies?
Stress can temporarily raise blood pressure. Coping strategies include:
Deep breathing exercises
Regular physical activity
Healthy eating
Mindfulness or meditation
Limiting alcohol and tobacco use
These methods help manage stress and can lower blood pressure over time.
What are the implications of having a family history of hypertension?
Implications of a family history of hypertension include:
Increased risk of developing high blood pressure
Potential earlier onset of hypertension
Greater likelihood of serious complications (e.g., stroke, heart attack)
Need for regular blood pressure monitoring and lifestyle management to mitigate risks
What are the potential complications of untreated hypertension?
Potential complications of untreated hypertension include:
Stroke
Heart attack
Heart failure
Kidney failure
Retinopathy
Peripheral vascular disease
Left ventricular
hypertrophy (LVH)
Regular monitoring is crucial to prevent these serious health issues.
What is the importance of potassium in relation to blood pressure regulation?
Potassium is important for blood pressure regulation because it helps balance sodium levels in the body. Adequate potassium intake can reduce sodium retention, which lowers blood pressure. Too little potassium can lead to higher sodium levels and increased blood pressure.
How does sleep apnea contribute to hypertension?
Sleep apnea contributes to hypertension by causing repeated breathing interruptions during sleep, leading to low oxygen levels. This triggers increased sympathetic activity and renin secretion, resulting in vasoconstriction and higher blood pressure.
Explain how aging affects the prevalence of hypertension in different genders. (اشرح كيف يؤثر الشيخوخة على انتشار ارتفاع ضغط الدم في الأجناس المختلفة)
Aging affects hypertension prevalence as follows:
Men: Higher risk until age 45
Women: Increased risk after age 65
Overall: Risk rises with age due to factors like weight, inactivity, and chronic conditions.
Thus, older age amplifies hypertension, especially in women post-menopause.
Discuss the role of physical activity in managing blood pressure.
Physical activity helps manage blood pressure by:
Lowering heart rate
Reducing arterial pressure
Aiding weight control
Improving blood vessel function
Decreasing stress levels
Regular exercise can lead to better overall
cardiovascular health and lower blood pressure.
What are the signs and symptoms of a hypertensive crisis?
Signs and symptoms of a hypertensive crisis include:
Severe headache
Shortness of breath
Nosebleeds
Severe anxiety
Chest pain
Vision changes
Confusion
Blood pressure readings are typically ≥180/120 mmHg.
What medications are commonly prescribed for treating hypertension?
Common medications for treating hypertension include:
Diuretics
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
Calcium channel blockers
Alpha adrenergic blockers
Direct vasodilators
Beta blockers
Centrally acting antihypertensives
hypertensive urgency=hypertensive emergency.
ذاكر اخر صوره في محاضره الضغط الفرق بين emergency and urency
