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Scientific Foundations > Hypnosis, Suggestion and Belief > Flashcards

Hypnosis, Suggestion and Belief Flashcards

1
Q

What is a suggestion?

A

A type of communicable belief capable of producing and modifying experience, thoughts, and actions

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2
Q

What are the three things a suggestion can be?

A
  1. Intentional/non-intentional
  2. Verbal/non-verbal
  3. Hypnotic/non-hypnotic
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3
Q

What are schema?

A

A set of interconnected concepts and cognitive elements useful for categorising information on the brain

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4
Q

Prior information such as ___________, constrains experience through effects on _____________

A

▪️Suggestions, beliefs, and schemas
▪️Brain function

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5
Q

What is a belief?

A

A disposition to agree to or act in accordance with some proposition

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6
Q

What is identify substitution?

A

Normal sense of self is attenuated or lost, taken over by another entity

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7
Q

What are some of the originally described signs of possession trance?

A

▪️Trembling
▪️Hairs on end
▪️Falling to the ground
▪️Convulsions
▪️Limb paralysis
▪️Insensitivity to pain

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8
Q

How might signs of possessive trance be explained now?

A

▪️Autonomic hyperarousal
▪️Functional

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9
Q

What was Mesmer’s technique for treating disease?

A

▪️Passes hand over patients body to produce ‘crises’ (swooning, convulsions, crying, etc) followed by stupor
▪️Healing occurred through repeated crisis

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10
Q

What was Mesmer’s theory behind his technique?

A

Animal magnetism - an invisible, fluid force that passes between human beings, key for healing and restoration

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11
Q

How might Mesmer’s success be explained now?

A

▪️Mainly conducted on functional symptoms
▪️Unintentional suggestion

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12
Q

How did the ‘crises’ brought οn by De Puysegur differ from Mesmer’s?

A

▪️Apparent wakefulness, obedience to commands followed by amnesia
▪️Closer to a state of quiescence than arousal
▪️Prototype of hypnotic trance?

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13
Q

What was James Braid’s technique for hypnosis?

A

▪️Subject stares at object, concentrating on a single thought or idea
▪️Produces ‘visual fatigue’ and ‘nervous sleep’ = fixed stare, relaxation, suppressed breathing, fixed attention on hypnotists words

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14
Q

What conditions did Braid claim to help?

A

▪️Tics
▪️Nervous headaches
▪️Neuralgia of the heart
▪️Epilepsy and convulsions
▪️Paralysis

Likely all functional symptoms?

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15
Q

What was Charcot’s hypothesis?

A

▪️Symptoms (particularly motor) arise from unconscious ‘fixed’ ideas based on suggestions or autosuggestions
▪️E.g. ‘hysterical paralysis’

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16
Q

What were Russell Reynolds remarks on functional disorders?

A

▪️Paralysis, spasm, pain, altered sensation etc dependent on a morbid condition of emotion and/or idea
▪️Organic lesion vs morbid ideation

17
Q

How did Janet define dissociation ?

A

A ‘contradiction of the field of consciousness’ resulting in abnormal compartmentalisation of mental functions

18
Q

How did Janet link dissociation with ‘hysterical’ (functional) symptoms?

A

▪️Dissociation is influenced by ‘fixed ideas’, typically based on unresolved traumatic memories
▪️These are not generally accessible to consciousness but are released in hysterical individuals who have weak will and consciousness
▪️Symptoms based on suggestive effects of ideas related to functioning, typically motor or visual
▪️Hysterical individuals are highly suggestible, explaining symptoms formation but also leaving them amenable to therapeutic suggestion

19
Q

What do current theories suggest as precipitating factors for the development of functional symptoms?

A

▪️Erroneous health beliefs or expectations distort an often noxious somatosensory experience
▪️Misdirected and overly precise attention, anxiety, and dissociation
▪️Symptoms formations helps make sense of the experience

20
Q

According to current theories, how might functional symptoms be perpetuated?

A

▪️Maladaptive behavioural responses
▪️Learning and conditioning
▪️Mood
▪️Neuroplasticity

21
Q

According to current theories, what risk factors may predispose someone to functional symptoms?

A

▪️Mood/anxiety problems
▪️Obsessive/rigid cognitive styles
▪️Excessive threat vigilance
▪️Abusive or aversive events

22
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

▪️Controlled modulation of components of cognition (e.g. awareness, volition, perception)
▪️By an external agent or oneself
▪️Using attentional focusing on ideas and images that may evoke the intended effects

23
Q

What are the three main types of suggestion?

A

▪️Ideomotor
▪️Challenge
▪️Cognitive

24
Q

What is an example of ideomotor suggestion?

A

Involuntary limb movement

25
Q

What is an example of cognitive suggestion?

A

Complex changed in experience (e.g. hallucinations, amnesia, analgesia)

26
Q

What is an example of a challenge suggestion?

A

Individuals unable to perform a movement, even when challenged to do so (e.g. raise arm)

27
Q

Suggested effects in hypnosis,
dissociative symptoms, possessive states etc are all phenomena characterised by…

A

▪️Subjectively realistic
▪️Involuntary
▪️Alterations in experience and behaviour
▪️That conform to ideas, beliefs, and expectations

28
Q

How can suggestions in hypnosis be used to further understand these phenomena?

A

▪️Create experimental analogues (simulations) of symptoms/altered experience
▪️Measures brain changes?

29
Q

What dimensions of suggested experiences can we study?

A

▪️Cognitive engagement vs automaticity
▪️Onset - acute, chronic or learned?
▪️Emotion
▪️Arousal (emotional/autonomic)
▪️Verbal/non-verbal
▪️Ideas vs beliefs

30
Q

What is a concentrative response?

A

The symptoms happens when you pay attention to the suggestion

It it’s quite automatic/involuntary such as a perceptual illusion

31
Q

What is a constructive response?

A

More thought and active engagement is needed for the symptoms to occur

(still involuntary but with more agency)

32
Q

Which is likely to have more of a suggestive effect on experience, illness ideas or beliefs?

A

Beliefs - more cognitive traction due to significance, especially if emotionally salient and has rich associations

Scientific Foundations (27 decks)

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