Hypo,pit... Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
Integrative center for many homeostatic circuits?
A
Hypothalamus
2
Q
Hypothalamus is located in the walls and floors of the ____________ and above the _________
A
Third ventricle
Pituitary gland
3
Q
Hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by?
A
Infundibulum
4
Q
3 types of inputs/ afferent
A
Neuronal, hormonal, local conditions
5
Q
Has sensor for tempt osmolality
A
Local conditions
6
Q
Outputs
A
Autonomic nervous system, limbic system, pituitary
7
Q
3 functions of hypothalamus
A
- direct control of the autonomic nervous system
- communication with the limbic system
- hormonal control of endocrine system
8
Q
Prolactin inhibitory hormone
A
Dopamine
9
Q
master gland?
A
Pituitary gland
10
Q
pituitary gland is also know as?
A
Hypophysis
11
Q
The main body of pituitary is contained in a small cavity called?
A
Sella turcica or turkish saddle
12
Q
Anterior pituitary gland is alaso known as?
A
Adenohypophysis
13
Q
Hormoes which target other endocrine gland?
A
Anterior pituitary gland
14
Q
Part of pituitary gland that has little function capacity?
A
Intermediate lobe or pars intermedialis
15
Q
Posterior pituitary gland is also known as?
A
Neurohypophysis
16
Q
Posterior pituitary gland secretes _______ & __________?
A
Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ADH)
17
Q
May be peptides or glycoproteins?
A
Anterior pituitary Gland
18
Q
What type of cells secretes growth hormone?
A
Somatotropes
19
Q
What type of cells secretes prolactin?
A
Lactotropes or mammotropes
20
Q
What type of cells secretes TSH?
A
Tyrotropes
21
Q
What type of cells secretes FSH and LH?
A
Gonadotropes
22
Q
What type of cells secretes ACTH
A
Corticotropes
23
Q
2 classification of hormone?
A
Tropic and Direct effector
24
Q
Acts specifically for another endocrine gland?
A
Tropic hormones
25
Acts directly on peripheral tissue?
Direct effector hormone
26
Example of direct effector hormone?
GH & PRl
27
Also called Somatotropin?
GH
28
Promotes growth of the body affection the protein hormone formation, cell multiplication and differentiation
GH
29
Secretion of GH occurs every?
2-3 hrs
30
Peaks of GH?
Onset of sleep
31
Growth hormone is inhibited by?
Somatostatin or somatomedin C
32
Influence both anabolic and catabolic process?
Growth hormone
33
Also known as amphibolic hormone?
GH
34
Amphibolic hormones allows effective transition from _________ to __________ without shortage of subtrates
Fed state
| Fasting state
35
Ut directly antagonize effect of insulin on glucose metabolism
Amphibolic hormone
36
It provide hepatic gluconeogenesis
Amphibolic hormone
37
it stimulates lipolysis
Amphibolic hormone
38
Amphibolic hormone enhances protein synthesis in __________
Skeletal muscle and other tissue
39
It stimulates production of IGF1
Amphibolic hormone
40
It inhibits lipolysis
IGF-1
41
Examples of stimulators of GH
Meals, Excercise, Sleep and hypoglycemia
42
Give inhibitors of GH
Glucose loading, epinephrine, emotional/pyschogenic stress, Nutritional deficiencies, insulin def
43
Examples of GH disorders
Acromegaly & Gigantism
44
It is the overproduction of GH (______ng/ml)
Acromegaly (>50ng/mL)
45
Acromegaly is usually caused by _______?
Pituitary tumors
46
Give clinical features of acromegaly
```
Organimegaly (enlarged heart & liver)
Enlargement of extremities
Hyperhidrosis (inc. sweating)
Skin tags
Joint disease
DM
```
47
Treatment for acromegaly?
Tumor ablation & Gh suppression
48
Extreme tall sutures; GH excess occurs before epiphyseal fusion is complete
Gigantism
49
Causes of GH deficiency
```
Familial
Tumor such as craniopharyngioma
Aging
Genetic mutations in GHRH OR GH gene
Abnormalities of pituitary gland
```
50
Clinical features of GH def. in children (pituitary dwarfism)
```
Short suture
Low growth velocity
Immature facial appearance
Increase adiposity
Retarded bone age
```
51
Clinical feature of Gh def. in adults
Reduced muscle mass
Inc. adiposity
Osteoporosis/ dec bone density
Dyslipidemia
52
Treatments for Gh def.
GH replacement therapy
| Surgical removal of tumor
53
Specimen for GH test?
Fasting serum
54
Give GH deficiency tests
Insulin tolerance test
| Arguments stimulation test
55
Gold standard for Gh def. test?
Insulin Tolerance test
56
GH NV: ________ adults
| ________ children
> 5 ng/ml
| >10 ng/ml
57
What is the test for GH production?
Oral glucose loading
58
What kind of fasting for oral glitches loading?
Overnight fast
59
How many g if glucose load?
100g
60
Measure GH at how many mins?
0, 60 & 120 mins after glucose ingestion
61
Result of GH in normal ppl after taking oral glucose loading?
Undetectable GH lvl
62
Result of GH in ppl w/ acromegaly after taking oral glucose loading?
Increase GH lvl
63
Control the growth of the ovary and testes and the hormonal and reproductive activities?
Gonadotropins ( FSH & LH)
64
Gonadotropin are diagnostic marker for _________ and __________
Fertility and menstrual cycles disorder
65
Premature menopause ( inc or dec FSH?)
Inc FSH
66
Inc FSH & inc LH after menopause =
Lack of estrogen
67
function of FSH in male and female
Male: spermatogenesis
Female: ovulation and follicular growth
68
fuction of LH in male
Helps leydig cells produce ma testosterone
69
Function of of LH in female?
Necessary for ovulation & follicular growth
70
Thyroid- stimulating hormone is also known as?
Thyrotropin
71
Main stimulus for uptake of iodide by thyroid gland
TSH
72
Controls the rate of secretion of the thyroxine & triiodothyronine
TSH
73
Acts to increase the number & size of follicular cells
TSH
74
Stimulate Thyroid hormone synthesis?
TSH
75
Adenocorticotropic hormone is aka?
Corticotropin
76
Single chain structure w/o disulfide bonds
ACTH
77
ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete ___________?
Glucocorticoids
78
Decrease cortisol production = (inc or dec) ACTH?
Increase
79
ACTH deficiency leads to atrophy of _________________ & ___________?
Zona glomerulosa and Zona reticularis
80
Inc ACTH in what diseases?
Addison's dse
Ectopic tumors
After protein meals
81
Diurnal rhythm of ACTH?
Inc 6-8 am
| Dec. 8-11 pm
82
Spx for ACTH should be collected in?
Prechilled plastic tubes (ACTH adhere)
83
Also known as stress hormone
Prolactin
84
Function of prolactin?
breast growth during pregnancy
| Milk secretory activity
85
Stimulated by TSH?
Prolactin
86
Inhibited by dopamine?
Prolactin
87
Causes of hyperprolactenemia?
```
Medication (phenothiazine, reserpine & methyl dopa)
Disruption of the pituitary stalk which interrupts flow of dopamine
Physiologic stress ( exercise & seizure)
```
88
Disorders in Prolactin?
Prolactinoma
| Idiopathic galactorrhea
89
Pituitary tumor w/c directly secretes prolactin?
Prolactinoma
90
Cause menstrual irregularity/ amenorrhea, infertility or galactorrhea
Reduced libido or erectile dysfunction
Prolactinoma
91
Lactation occurring in women w/ hormonal prolactin levels
Idiopathic galactorrhea
92
What part of the pituitary secretes adh & oxytocin?
Posterior pituitary gland
93
ADH is synthesized where?
Supraoptic nuclei
94
Oxytocin is synthesized where?
Para ventricular nuclei
95
Function of oxytocin?
Lactation (milk let-down reflex)
| Stimulator of uterine smooth muscle
96
"Fergusson reflex"
Oxytocin
97
Synthetic oxytocin used to enhance labor contraction
Pitocin
98
Linked to maternal nurturing behavior and mother infant bonding
Pitocin
99
____________ Regulates water excretion in the renal tubules (________&_________)
ADH
| Distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct
100
Assists in water balance
ADH
101
Potent professor agent & affects blood clotting
ADH
102
ADH increases what factor?
FACTOR VII & VWF
103
Secretion of Anti-diuretic hormone is regulated by __________& ______________?
Hypothalamic osmoreceptors
| Vascular baroreceptors
104
Inc osmolality (>_________) = (inc or dec. ADH?)
>295mosm/kg = inc ADH
105
Decrease osmolality (
<284mosm/kg = decrease ADH
106
dec Bloop pressure = (inc or dec) ADH?
Increase ADH
107
It inhibits the release of ADH?
Ethanol
108
ADH deficiency and has clinical features of normoglycemia, polyuria w/ sp. gravity
Polydipsia
Occasional polyphagia
Diabetic insipidus
109
Types of diabetes insipidus
True diabetes insipidus & nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
110
Also known as Hypothalamic/ neurogenic diabetes insipidus
True diabetes insipidus
111
___________ Pituitary gland does not secrete ADH and has a urine excretion of ________ L/ day
True diabetes insipidus & > 3 L/ day
112
Has normal ADH but abnormal ADH receptor and renal resistance to ADH
True diabetes insipidus
113
Sustained ADH production without know stimuli
Syndrome of inappropriate diuretic hormones
114
Clinical features of syndrome of inappropriate diuretic hormones
Dec urine vol
Dec plasma osmolality
N or inc urine Na
Dec plasma electrolytes
115
4 small gland located on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
| * must have 4 but some have 8 or 2
116
Smallest endocrine gland in the body
Parathyroid gland
117
Parathyroid can also be found outside their normal anatomic side between ___________&___________
Hyoid bone in the neck and mediastinum
118
Regulators if Calcium metabolism
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Vitamin D
*also regulates phosphate matabolism
119
Parathyroid hormone is aka?
Parathormone or parathyrin
120
Hypercalcemic hormone
Parathyroid hormone
121
___________ is a peptide hormone that inc. plasma calcium
Parathyroid Hormone
122
PTH is responsible for monitoring ______________ & ______________
Plasma calcium and phosphate
123
Causes increase in Plasma calcium
Bone resorption
Enhancing renal reabsorption of calcium
Intestinal absorption
124
It releases Parathyroid hormone
Chief cells
125
It contains receptors for calcium
Chief cells
126
Decrease in plasma calcium level mediates _______________
Release of PTH
127
It inhibits PTH
hypercalcemia
128
Vit D It is a hormone derived from ___________?
Cholesterol
129
Endogenous source of vit D
Skin exposure to sun
130
Exogenous source of vit D3
Internal organs
Seafoods
Fortified milk
131
Exogenous source of vit D2
Edible mushrooms
132
In skin ____________ is converted to vit. D3 after exposure to ___________
7 dehydrocholesterol & UVB rays
133
In the liver vitamin D3 is converted to ______________ by _____________
25-hydroxy vit D3 by 25 hydroxylase
134
In the kidney 25-OH is converted to ____________ by ____________ under the influence of parathyroid hormone
1,25 dihydroxy vit D bye 1a-hydroxylase
135
____________ is convert into D2 after irradiation
Ergosterol
136
Line the liver vit D2 is converted to ____________ by 25-hydroxylase
25-hydroxyl
137
7-dehydrocholesterol aka
Provitamin D3
138
Provitamin D2
Ergosterol
139
D3
Cholecalciferol
140
D2
Ergo calciferol
141
1,25 (OH)2 D is aka
Activated vit D
142
Function of activated vit D or 1,25- (OH)2 D
Ca absorption in kidney,inestine, bone reabsorption
Differentiate osteoclasts precursor into osteoclasts
Bone mineralization
143
Function of calcium homeostasis
Enzyme cofactor
Blood coagulation cascade
Neuromuscular excitability
Helps maintain blood pressure
144
Organs involved in calcium homeostasis
```
Skin
Liver
Small intestine
Skeleton
Kidney
```
145
Source of calcium diet
Bone resorption
Bone deposition
Intestinal absorption
Bone/kidneys
146
Bone resorption
| (inc or dec) PTH = (inc or dec) calcium
Inc PTH = inc Calcium
147
Bone deposition is promoted by _________
Calcitonin
148
Bone deposition
| (Inc or dec) calcitonin = (inc or dec) calcium
Inc calcitonin = dec calcium
149
Intestinal absorption is induced by ________
Vit D3
150
Primary target of PTH
Bone/kidney
