Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships

Question 1

What regulates the functions of thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive glands?

Answer 1

Hypothalamic-pituitary unit

Question 2

What controls growth, milk production/ejection, and osmoregulation?

Answer 2

hypothalamic-pituitary unit

Question 3

The anterior lobe of the pituitary is called?

Answer 3

adenohypophysis

Question 4

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is called?

Answer 4

neurohypophysis

Question 5

Hormones produced by the hypothalamus stimulate/inhibit the release of hormones by?

Answer 5

pituitary

Question 6

What type of connections exist in the hyopthalamic pituitary unit?

Answer 6

neural and vascular

Question 7

What structure coordinates thirst, appetite, temperature regulation, and autonomic nervous system?

Answer 7

Hypothalamus

Question 8

What are some factors that can influence the hypothalamus?

Answer 8

• pain
• sleep
• emotions (fear, rage)
• olfactory
• light
• thoughts

Question 9

What are neurotransmitters that influence the hypothalamus?

Answer 9

• dopamine
• serotonin
• norepinephrine
• acetylcholine
• GABA
• beta-endorphin

Question 10

The pituitary sits beneath the hypothalamus in what?

Answer 10

sella turcica

Question 11

What part of the pituitary contains neurons descending from hypothalamus (supraoptic and paraventricular areas)?

Answer 11

Posterior pituitary

Question 12

Which section of the pituitary has hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate anterior pituitary function and long and short hypophyseal portal vessels?

Answer 12

Anterior pituitary

Question 13

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones of the anterior pituitary are released from?

Answer 13

terminal axons at the median eminence

Question 14

Long hypophyseal portal vesels of the anterior pituitary are located where?

Answer 14

median eminence

Question 15

Short hypophyseal portal vessels of the anterior pituitary are located where?

Answer 15

lower infundibulum stem

Question 16

Why is portal blood supply to anterior pituitary important?

Answer 16

• hypothalamic hormones delivered directly to anterior pituitary in high concentrations
• hypothalamic hormones generally do not appear in systemic circulation
• releasing and inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus released into hypophyseal portal veins at median eminence

Question 17

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates what anterior pituitary hormone(s)?

Answer 17

• thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
• prolactin

Question 18

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates what anterior pituitary hormone(s)?

Answer 18

• luteinizing hormone (LH)
• follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 19

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates what anterior pituitary hormone(s)?

Answer 19

• adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

Question 20

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates what anterior pituitary hormone(s)?

Answer 20

• growth hormone (GH)

Question 21

Somatostatin inhibits what anterior pituitary hormone(s)?

Answer 21

• growth hormone
• prolactin

Question 22

Prolactin releasing factor stimulates what anterior pituitary hormone(s)?

Answer 22

• prolactin

Question 23

Dopamine stimulates what anterior pituitary hormone(s)? Inhibits?

Answer 23

Stimulates
- growth hormone

Inhibits
- prolactin
- ACTH

Question 24

What are the trophic cells of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 24

• thyrotrophs
• gonadotrophs
• corticotrophs
• somatotrophs
• lactotrophs

Question 25

Secretion of hormones is ____ in response to hypothalamic hormones.

Answer 25

episodic

Question 26

What is the hormone product of somatotrophs?

Answer 26

growth hormone

Question 27

What is the hormone product of lactotrophs?

Answer 27

prolactin

Question 28

What is the hormone product of corticotrophs?

Answer 28

corticotropin

Question 29

What are the hormone products of thyrotrophs?

Answer 29

- thyroid stimulating hormone - free alpha subunit

Question 30

What are the hormone products of gonadotrophs?

Answer 30

- follicle stimulating hormone - luteinizing hormone - free alpha subunit

Question 31

Which trophic cell types of the anterior pituitary are basophilic?

Answer 31

- corticotrophs - thyrotrophs - gonadotrophs

Question 32

Which trophic cell types of the anterior pituitary are acidophilic?

Answer 32

- somatotrophs - lactotrophs

Question 33

What is the target tissue of thyroid stimulating hormone?

Answer 33

thyroid gland

Question 34

What is the target tissue of luteinzing hormone?

Answer 34

gonads

Question 35

What is the target tissue of ACTH?

Answer 35

adrenal gland

Question 36

What is the target tissue of growth hormone?

Answer 36

All tissues

Question 37

What is the target tissue of prolactin?

Answer 37

- mammary glands - gonads

Question 38

What is the target tissue of follicle stimulating hormone?

Answer 38

gonads

Question 39

What stimulates thyroid stimulating hormone?

Answer 39

- thyroid releasing hormone - decreases in T3, T4

Question 40

What inhibits thyroid stimulating hormone?

Answer 40

- dopamine - somatostatin - increases in T3, T4

Question 41

ACTH is initially secreted as what?

Answer 41

pre-pro-hormone POMC

Question 42

What is the ACTH intermediate?

Answer 42

pro-hormone

Question 43

What are the stimualtors of ACTH?

Answer 43

- corticotroping releasing hormone - decrease in cortisol - antidiuretic hormone - stress

Question 44

What are the inhibitors of ACTH?

Answer 44

- increase in cortisol - ACTH - somatostatin - dopamine

Question 45

What are the stimulators of gonadotrophic hormones (lutenizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone)?

Answer 45

- Gonadotropin releasing hormone - activin - pheremones

Question 46

What are the inhibitors of gonadotrophic hormones (lutenizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone)?

Answer 46

- testosterone - estrogen - inhibin - melatonin

Question 47

What are the stimulators of lactotroph secretion (prolactin)?

Answer 47

- thyroid releasing hormone - estrogen - suckling

Question 48

What are the inhibitors of lactotroph secretion (prolactin)?

Answer 48

- dopamine - somatostatin - prolactin

Question 49

Prolactin inhibits what?

Answer 49

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)