Hypothalamic Pituitary Target Tissue Axis

Question 1

Vascularized (lots of blood flow) region

Answer 1

Median eminence

Question 2

Region where nerve fibers from each eye cross to opposite half of the brain

Answer 2

Optic chiasm

Question 3

Provides local delivery of substances at high concentration

Answer 3

Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system

Question 4

Adenohypophysis

Answer 4

Anterior pituitary

Question 5

Neurohypophysis

Answer 5

Posterior pituitary

Question 6

Which cell produces thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH)?

Answer 6

Thyrotroph

Question 7

Which cell produces luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormone?

Answer 7

Gonadotrophs

Question 8

Which cell produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

Answer 8

Corticotrophs

Question 9

Which cell produces growth hormone?

Answer 9

Somatotroph

Question 10

Which cell produces prolactin (PRL)?

Answer 10

Lactotroph

Question 11

All anterior pituitary hormones are…

Answer 11

Peptides/proteins

Question 12

Hormones in the somatoomammotropin family of the anterior pituitary

Answer 12

• Growth hormone
• Prolactin

Question 13

Growth hormone

Answer 13

Stimulates growth (via insulin-like growth factor-1; IGF-1) and affects metabolism

Question 14

Prolactin

Answer 14

Stimulates milk synthesis and secretion during lactation

Question 15

Hormones in the glycoprotein family of the anterior pituitary

Answer 15

• Follicle stimulating hormone
• Luteinizing hormone
• Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 16

Follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 16

• Stimulates follicular growth and estrogen
  production in ovaries
• Regulates spermatogenesis in testes

Question 17

Luteinizing hormone

Answer 17

• Regulates estrogen and progesterone production
  in ovaries and luteinization of follicle
• Regulates testosterone production in testes

Question 18

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 18

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone (T 3 and T 4) by thyroid gland

Question 19

Hormones in the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) family of the anterior pituitary

Answer 19

• Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 20

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 20

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of cortisol and DHEA (a weak androgen) by adrenal cortex

Question 21

If a patient had a disease that damaged the corticotropes, which organ would be most affected?

Answer 21

Adrenal glands

Question 22

AP hormones are synthesized…

Answer 22

on the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 23

AP hormones are modified…

Answer 23

in the Golgi apparatus

Question 24

AP hormones are stored…

Answer 24

In vesicles until they are needed

Question 25

A patient has an ACTH secreting tumor, which causes ACTH to be elevated. You would expect to see a _______ in CRH secretion.

Answer 25

- Decline - High levels of ACTH can increase cortisol and aldosterone stimulating negative feedback.

Question 26

Releasing hormones

Answer 26

- Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) - Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) - Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) - Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 27

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Answer 27

Stimulates GH synthesis & secretion

Question 28

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

Answer 28

Stimulates TSH synthesis & secretion

Question 29

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 29

Stimulates LH and FSH synthesis & secretion

Question 30

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Answer 30

Stimulates ACTH synthesis & secretion

Question 31

If two hormones have similar structures...

Answer 31

A high enough amount can trigger the other hormones receptors

Question 32

Inhibiting hormones

Answer 32

- Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) - Prolactin inhibiting hormone; dopamine (PIH)

Question 33

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone

Answer 33

- Peptide - Inhibits GH synthesis and secretion

Question 34

Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH); dopamine

Answer 34

- Catecholamine - Inhibits PRL synthesis and secretion

Question 35

LH secreted by the anterior pituitary acts on...

Answer 35

the testis

Question 36

GnRH secreted by the hypothalamus acts on...

Answer 36

gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary

Question 37

If a patient has a lesion in the paraventricular nucleus, you would expect to see...

Answer 37

- a decline in CRH - Could be a decline in OT however the supraoptic nucleus also produced OT so it wouldn't be much

Question 38

Hormones of the paraventricular nucleus

Answer 38

- TRH - CRH - OT - ADH/VR

Question 39

Hormones of the preoptic area

Answer 39

- GnRH

Question 40

Hormones of the supraoptic nucleus

Answer 40

- OT - ADH/VP

Question 41

Hormones of the arcuate nucleus

Answer 41

- GHRH - GnRH - GHIH - PIH

Question 42

Hormones of the ventromedial nucleus

Answer 42

- GHRH - GHIH

Question 43

Primary function is to regulate hormone secretion by another endocrine gland

Answer 43

Tropic hormone

Question 44

Primary effect is on non-endocrine target tissues

Answer 44

Non-tropic hormone

Question 45

Negative feedback loop

Answer 45

Response of target cell dampens or inhibits initial stimulus

Question 46

Positive feedback loop

Answer 46

Response of target cell stimulates or enhances initial stimulus

Question 47

Posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 47

- Oxytocin - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); vasopressin (VP)

Question 48

Oxytocin

Answer 48

- Stimulates smooth muscle contraction - Breast myoepithelial cells during lactation (milk ejection) - Uterine myometrium during labor

Question 49

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 49

- Stimulates water reabsorption by kidney - Stimulates arteriole constriction