Hypothalamus

Question 1

The thalamus, is situated at the rostral end of the brainstem and functions as an important ____ for information passing to all areas of the ____, ____, ___ and ____.

Answer 1

relay and integrative station - cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia, the hypothalamus and the brainstem

Question 2

(Thalamus) The posterior end is expanded from the ___, which overhangs the superior colliculus

Answer 2

pulvinar

Question 3

(Thalamus) The inferior surface is continuous with the ___ of the midbrain

Answer 3

tegmentum

Question 4

(Thalamus) The medial surface of the thalamus forms part of the lateral wall of the ____ and is usually connected to the opposite thalamus by a band of gray matter, the_____ (interthalamic adhesion)

Answer 4

third ventricle - interthalamic connection

Question 5

The thalamus is covered on its superior surface by a thin layer of white matter, called the ___, and on its lateral surface by another layer, the ____

Answer 5

stratum zonale - external medullary lamina

Question 6

The gray matter of the thalamus is divided by a vertical sheet of white matter, the ___, into medial and lateral halves

Answer 6

internal medullary lamina

Question 7

The thalamus thus is subdivided into three main parts; the ____ lies between the limbs of the Y, and the medial and ____ lie on the sides of the stem of the Y

Answer 7

anterior part - lateral parts

Question 8

(Medial part of thalamus) It contains the large ___ and several smaller nuclei

Answer 8

dorsomedial nucleus

Question 9

(Medial part of thalamus) The dorsomedial nucleus has two-way connections with the whole ____ of the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere.

Answer 9

prefrontal cortex

Question 10

(Medial part of thalamus) It also has similar connections with the _____ and is interconnected with all other groups of thalamic nuclei

Answer 10

hypothalamic nuclei

Question 11

Ventral anterior nucleus, is connected to the ____, the ____, the ___, and the ____ as well as to many of the other thalamic nuclei

Answer 11

reticular formation - substantia nigra - corpus striatum - premotor cortex

Question 12

Ventral anterior nucleus, lies on the pathway between the corpus striatum and the motor areas of the frontal cortex, it probably influences the ____

Answer 12

activities of the motor cortex

Question 13

Ventral Lateral Nucleus, has connections similar to those of the ventral anterior nucleus but, in addition, has a major input from the___ and a minor input from the ___

Answer 13

cerebellum - red nucleus

Question 14

The ventral posteromedial nucleus receives the ascending ___ and ___, while the ventral posterolateral nucleus receives the important ____, the medial and spinal lemnisci

Answer 14

trigeminal and gustatory pathways - ascending sensory tracts

Question 15

The intralaminar nuclei, receive ____ as well as fibers from the spinothalamic and trigeminothalamic tracts; send efferent fibers to other thalamic nuclei, which in turn project to the cerebral cortex, and fibers to the corpus striatum

Answer 15

afferent fibers from the reticular formation

Question 15

The intralaminar nuclei, believed to influence the levels of ____ in an individual

Answer 15

consciousness and alertness

Question 16

The medial geniculate body, forms part of the ___ and is a swelling on the posterior surface of the thalamus beneath the pulvinar

Answer 16

auditory pathway

Question 17

Afferent fibers to the _____ form the inferior brachium and come from the ____

Answer 17

medial geniculate body - inferior colliculus

Question 18

The lateral geniculate body, forms part of the ____ and is a swelling on the undersurface of the pulvinar of the thalamus

Answer 18

visual pathway

Question 19

The lateral geniculate body, the fibers are the axons of the ganglion ____ and come from the temporal half of the ipsilateral eye and from the nasal half of the contralateral eye, the latter’s fibers crossing the midline in the optic chiasma

Answer 19

cell layer of the retina

Question 20

Function of thalamus, a vast amount of sensory information of all types (____) converges on the thalamus and presumably is integrated through the interconnections between the nuclei

Answer 20

except smell

Question 21

Olfactory information is probably, first integrated at a lower level with taste and other sensations and is relayed to the thalamus from the ____ and hippocampus through the _____

Answer 21

amygdaloid complex - mammillothalamic tract

Question 22

The ___ and the ____ of the thalamus form part of the basal nuclei circuit and thus are involved in the performance of voluntary movements.
These nuclei receive input from the globus pallidus and send fibers to the prefrontal, supplemental, and premotor areas of the cerebral cortex

Answer 22

ventroanterior and the ventrolateral nuclei

Question 23

The large ____ has extensive connections with the frontal lobe cortex and hypothalamus. Considerable evidence suggests that this nucleus lies on the pathway that is concerned with ___ and the ____ of the individual

Answer 23

dorsomedial nucleus - subjective feeling states and the personality

Question 24

The ____ are closely connected with the activities of the reticular formation, and they receive much of their information from this source

Answer 24

intralaminar nuclei

Question 25

The hypothalamus, the _______, and through its adequate blood supply, it is able to sample the blood chemistry

Answer 25

site of numerous converging and diverging neuronal pathways

Question 26

The hypothalamus, controls the ___ and the ___ and thus indirectly controls body homeostasis

Answer 26

autonomic nervous system - endocrine system

Question 27

The hypothalamus is the part of the diencephalon that extends from the region of the____ to the caudal border of the ___

Answer 27

optic chiasma - mammillary bodies

Question 28

Hypothalamus, lies ____ and forms the floor and the inferior part of the lateral walls of the ___

Answer 28

below the thalamus - third ventricle

Question 29

When observed from below, the hypothalamus is seen to be related to the following structures, from anterior to posterior:

Answer 29

1.the optic chiasma, 2.the tuber cinereum and the infundibulum 3.the mammillary bodies

Question 29

Anterior to the hypothalamus is an area that, for functional reasons, is often included in the hypothalamus. Because it extends forward from the optic chiasma to the lamina terminalis and the anterior commissure, it is referred to as the ____

Answer 29

preoptic area

Question 30

(Medial zone) The following hypothalamic nuclei can be recognized, from anterior to posterior:

Answer 30

1. Preoptic nucleus 2. Anterior nucleus 3. Suprachiasmatic nucleus 4. Paraventricular nucleus 5. Dorsomedial nucleus 6. Ventromedial nucleus 7. Infundibular (arcuate) nucleus 8. Posterior nucleus.

Question 31

The hypothalamus receives information from the rest of the body through

Answer 31

(1)nervous connections (2)the bloodstream (3)cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 31

___ leave the optic chiasma and pass to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 31

Visual afferents

Question 32

General somatic sensation and gustatory and visceral sensations reach the hypothalamus through collateral branches of the ___ and the ___ and through the ___.

Answer 32

lemniscal afferent fibers - tractus solitarius - reticular formation

Question 33

Visual afferents leave the optic chiasma and pass to the ____

Answer 33

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 34

___ travels through the medial forebrain bundle

Answer 34

Olfaction

Question 35

Olfaction travels through the ____

Answer 35

medial forebrain bundle

Question 35

____ have not been identified, but since auditory stimuli can influence the activities of the hypothalamus, they must exist

Answer 35

Auditory afferents

Question 36

____ arise from the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex and pass directly to the hypothalamus

Answer 36

Corticohypothalamic fibers

Question 37

____ pass from the amygdaloid complex to the hypothalamus through the stria terminalis and by a route that passes interior to the lentiform nucleus

Answer 37

Amygdalohypothalamic fibers

Question 38

_____ pass from the hippocampus through the fornix to the mammillary body. Many neurophysiologists regard the hypothalamus at the main output pathway of the limbic system

Answer 38

Hippocampohypothalamic fibers

Question 39

____ arise from the dorsomedial and midline thalamic nuclei

Answer 39

Thalamohypothalamic fibers

Question 40

Descending fibers to the ___ and ___ influence the peripheral neurons of the autonomic nervous system. They descend through a series of neurons in the ___.

Answer 40

brainstem and spinal cord - reticular formation

Question 41

In a similar manner, the ____ connect the hypothalamus with sympathetic cells of origin in the lateral gray horns of the _______ of the spinal cord and the sacral parasympathetic outflow at the level of the second, third, and fourth sacral segments of the spinal cord

Answer 41

reticulospinal fibers - first thoracic segment to the second lumbar segment

Question 42

The ____ arises from the mammillary body and terminates in the anterior nucleus of the thalamus. Here, the pathways is relayed to the ____

Answer 42

mammillothalamic tract - cingulate gyrus

Question 43

The _____ cells of the reticular formation in the ____

Answer 43

mammillotegmental tract - tegmentum of the midbrain

Question 44

Nerve fibers that travel from the ___ and ____ to the ____ of the hypophysis

Answer 44

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei - posterior lobe

Question 44

Long and short portal blood vessels that connect ______ with capillary plexuses in the _____

Answer 44

sinusoids in the median eminence and infundibulum - anterior lobe of the hypophysis

Question 45

Hypothalamohyoiohyseal tract, the hormones ____ and ____ are synthesized in the nerve cells of the ____ and ___

Answer 45

vasopressin and oxytocin - supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Question 46

The hormone _____ is produced mainly in the nerve cells of the ___

Answer 46

vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) - supraoptic nucleus

Question 47

Vasopressin, function is to cause vasoconstriction. It also has an important antidiuretic function, causing an _________ and collecting tubules of the kidney

Answer 47

increased absorption of water in the distal convoluted tubules

Question 48

_____ is produced mainly in the ____. It stimulates the _______ of the uterus and causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells that surround the alveoli and ducts of the breast

Answer 48

Oxytocin - paraventricular nucleus - contraction of the smooth muscle

Question 49

When the baby suckles at the breast, a ______ stimulates the hypothalamus to produce more of the hormone, This promotes contraction of the _____ and assists in the expression of the milk from the breasts

Answer 49

nervous reflex from the nipple - myoepithelial cells

Question 50

The ______, which produces vasopressin, acts as an osmoreceptor. Should the osmotic pressure of the blood circulating through the nucleus be too high, the nerve cells increase their production of vasopressin, and the ______ of this hormone will increase the reabsorption of water from the kidney. By this means, the osmotic pressure of the blood will return to normal limits.

Answer 50

supraoptic nucleus - antidiuretic effect

Question 51

In Hypophyseal portal system, the neurosecretory cells situated mainly in the _____ of the hypothalamus are responsible for the production of the releasing hormones and release-inhibitory hormones

Answer 51

medial zone

Question 52

In Hypophyseal portal system, the hormones are packaged into granules and are transported along the axons of these cells into the _____ and ___

Answer 52

median eminence and infundibulum

Question 53

The hypophyseal portal system is formed on each side from the _____ which is a branch of the internal carotid artery

Answer 53

superior hypophyseal artery

Question 54

The hypophyseal portal system, the artery enters the median eminence and divides into tufts of capillaries. These capillaries drain into long and short descending vessels that end in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis by dividing into vascular sinusoids that pass between the secretory cells of the anterior lobe True/False

Answer 54

True

Question 55

The releasing hormones stimulate the production and release of: ______, ______, _____, ______, _____

Answer 55

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyrotropic hormone or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) growth hormone (GH)

Question 56

The release of inhibiting hormones inhibits the release of the ____ and _____

Answer 56

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and luteotropic hormone (LTH)

Question 57

____ (also known as the _____) stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete ___ and the mammary gland to produce ____. The GH inhibitory hormone (somatostatin) inhibits the release of GH

Answer 57

LTH - lactogenic hormone or prolactin - progesterone - milk

Question 58

The autonomic control, has influence on the autonomic nervous system and appears to integrate the ____ and ___, thus preserving_____

Answer 58

autonomic and neuroendocrine systems - body homeostasis

Question 59

Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in animal experiments shows that the ______ and the _____ influence parasympathetic responses; these include lowering of the blood pressure, slowing of the heart rate, contraction of the bladder, increased motility of the gastrointestinal tract, increased acidity of the gastric juice, salivation, and pupillary constriction

Answer 59

anterior hypothalamic area - preoptic area

Question 60

Stimulation of the posterior and lateral nuclei causes ____, which include increased blood pressure and heart rate, cessation of peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract, pupillary dilation, and hyperglycemia

Answer 60

sympathetic responses

Question 61

The ____ of the hypothalamus controls those mechanisms that ______ - dilatation of skin blood vessels and sweating, which lower the body temperature

Answer 61

anterior portion - dissipate heat loss

Question 62

Stimulation of the ______ of the hypothalamus results in vasoconstriction of the skin blood vessels and _____; there also may be shivering, in which the skeletal muscles produce heat

Answer 62

posterior portion - inhibition of sweating

Question 62

Endocrine control of hypothalamus, should be pointed out that each stage is controlled by _____ and _____

Answer 62

negative and positive feedback mechanisms

Question 63

Stimulation of the ____ initiates the feeling of hunger and results in an increase in food intake

Answer 63

lateral region of the hypothalamus

Question 64

Stimulation of the ______ inhibits eating and reduces food intake. This area is referred to as the "satiety center.

Answer 64

medial region of the hypothalamus

Question 65

Bilateral destruction of the lateral region of the hypothalamus results in _____, with the consequent loss in body weigh

Answer 65

anorexia

Question 66

Bilateral destruction of the satiety center produces an uncontrolled voracious appetite, causing extreme ____

Answer 66

obesity

Question 67

Experimental stimulation of other areas in the lateral region of the hypothalamus causes an immediate increase in the desire to drink water; this area is referred to as the "______"

Answer 67

thirst center

Question 68

Emotion and behavior are a function of the _____, the ____and the _______

Answer 68

hypothalamus, the limbic system, and the prefrontal cortex

Question 69

In addition, the _____ of the hypothalamus exerts a careful control on the osmolarity of the blood through the _____ by the ______

Answer 69

supraoptic nucleus - secretion of vasopressin - posterior lobe of the hypophysis

Question 70

Stimulation of the ______ may cause the symptoms and signs of rage, whereas lesions of these areas may lead to passivity

Answer 70

lateral hypothalamic nuclei

Question 71

Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic nuclei may cause the symptoms and signs of ____, whereas lesions of these areas may lead to _____

Answer 71

rage - passivity

Question 72

Stimulation of the _____ may cause passivity, whereas lesions of this nucleus may lead to rage

Answer 72

ventromedial nucleus

Question 73

Stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus may cause ____, whereas lesions of this nucleus may lead to ___

Answer 73

passivity - rage

Question 74

The hypothalamus controls many ______, including ______, _______, _______, and _______

Answer 74

circadian rhythms - body temperature, adrenocortical activity, eosinophil count, and renal secretion

Question 75

Sleeping and wakefulness, although dependent on the activities of the _____, the ______, and the ______, are also controlled by the _____

Answer 75

thalamus, the limbic system, and the reticular activating system - hypothalamus

Question 76

______ can follow lesions of the hypothalamus caused by head injury or following surgical operations in the region of the hypothalamus

Answer 76

Hyperthermia

Question 76

Severe obesity can occur as the result of ______

Answer 76

hypothalamic lesions

Question 77

The occurrence of either frequent short periods of sleep during the waking hours or insomnia has been observed in patients with ________

Answer 77

hypothalamic lesions

Question 77

Results from a lesion of the supraoptic nucleus or from the interruption of the nervous pathway to the posterior lobe of the hypophysis

Answer 77

Diabetes Insipidus

Question 78

Attacks of unexplained weeping or laughter, uncontrollable rage, depressive reactions, and even maniacal outbursts all have been observed in patients with ______

Answer 78

hypothalamic lesions