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Endo Exam 1 > Hypothalamus and Pituitary > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Flashcards

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1
Q

TRH

A

from hypothalamus
thyrotropin releasing hormone
stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin

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2
Q

CRH

A

from hypothalamus
corticotropin releasing hormone
stimulates secretion of ACTH

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3
Q

GnRH

A

from hypothalamus
gonadotropin releasing hormone
stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

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4
Q

SRIF

A

from hypothalamus
somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone
inhibits secretion of GH

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5
Q

PIF

A

from hypothalamus
dopamine or prolactin inhibiting factor
inhibits secretion of prolactin

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6
Q

dopamine

A

inhibits secretino of prolactin

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7
Q

GHRH

A

from hypothalamus
growth hormone releasing hormone
stimulates release of GH

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8
Q

TSH

A

from anterior pituitary

stimulates synthesis of thyroid hormones

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9
Q

FSH

A

from anterior pituitary
stimulates maturation of sertoli cells in testes
stimulates follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries

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10
Q

LH

A

from anterior pituitary
stimulates testosterone synthesis in leydig cells of testes
stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen, and progesterone synthesis in ovaries

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11
Q

GH

A

from anterior pituitary

stimulates protein synthesis and growth

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12
Q

prolactin

A

from anterior pituitary

stimulates milk production and secretion in breast

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13
Q

ACTH

A

from anterior pituitary

stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones- cortisol, androgens, aldosterone

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14
Q

MSH

A

from anterior pituitary

stimulates melanin synthesis

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15
Q

oxytocin

A

from posterior pituitary

stimulates milk ejection and uterine contractions

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16
Q

vasopressin

A

aka ADH
from posterior pituitary
stimulates water reabsorption in collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles

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17
Q

supraoptic nuclei

A

ADH neurons

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18
Q

paraventricular nuclei

A

oxytocin neurons

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19
Q

somatotrophs

A

release GH

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20
Q

GH release

A

pulsatile
highest during sleeping

(+) GHRH
(-) somatostatin

IGF-1 maintains negative feedback

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21
Q

IGF-1

A

levels correlate with GH levels

responsible for many of growth effects of GH and is necessary for chondrocyte differentiation

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22
Q

GH action

A

stimulates lipolysis, AA into cells, protein synthesis

stimulates production of IGF-1

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23
Q

LH and FSH

A

released in response to GnRH from hypothalamus

stimulates estrogen/progesterone and testosterone production

stimulate follicular maturation/ovulation and spermatogenesis

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24
Q

GnRH release

A

pulsatile
frequency determines LH or FSH

high - LH
low - FSH

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25
negative feedback on FSH and LH release
sex steroids on hypothalamus and pituitary gonadotropes inhibin - on pituitary FSH secretion
26
prolactin
(+) TRH (-) dopamine stimulates dopamine synthesis (- feedback)
27
ADH
aka vasopressin maintains osmolality of body fluids and blood volume (+) increased serum osmolality and decreased presure osmolality is more sensitive stimulator
28
hypothalamus hormones
go to anterior pituitary in high concentrations | low concentration in systemic circulation
29
thyrotropes
release TSH
30
gonadotropes
release FSH and LH
31
corticotropes
release ACTH
32
somatotropes
release GH
33
lactotropes
release PRL
34
TSH, FSH, LH family
all glycoproteins same alpha, different beta HCG also same alpha, different beta
35
ACTH family
derived from POMC MSH found in several of the endopeptidase product from POMC cleavage
36
addisons disease
adrenal insufficiency ACTH and POMC levels are increased skin pigmentation
37
GH secretion
pulsatile | largest within one hour of falling asleep
38
stimulation of GH
decreased glucose, FA fasting, puberty, exercise, stress stage 3 and 4 of sleep alpha-adrenergic agonists
39
inhibition of GH
``` increased glucose, FA obesity senescence somatostatin GH beta-adrenergic pregnancy ```
40
somatostatin
inhibits GH release (+) GH and somatomedins
41
actions of GH
linear growth protein synthesis carb and lipid metabolism
42
diabetogenic effect
GH causes insulin resistance and decreases glucose uptake and utilization in target tisues
43
GH deficiency
failure to grow short stature mild obesity delayed puberty due to decreased GHRH secretion or primary deficiency of GH from anteiror pituitary
44
GH excess
most commonly adenoma - before puberty - gigantism - after puberty - acromegaly
45
prolactin
(+) TRH (-) dopamine prolactin inhibits its own secretion by stimulating dopamine production
46
prolactin stimulation
pregnancy and breastfeeding
47
estrogen/progesterone and prolactin
down-regulate prolactin receptors in breast and block action E and P high during pregnancy, drop at birth
48
excess prolactin
galactorrhea and infertility inhibition of GnRH bc of high prolactine levels
49
ADH
increase water reabsorption in response to osmolality increase
50
action of ADH
V2 receptor - increase aquaporin channels in kidneys V1 receptor - increase TPR with contraction of smooth muscle
51
central diabetes insipidus
failure to secrete ADH low ADH levels large volumes dilute urine concentrated body fluid Tx: dAVP
52
neurogenic diabetes insipius
defective V2 receptors in kidneys high ADH levels** large volume dilute urine Tx: thiazide diuretics - inhibit Na reabsorption in distal tubule
53
SIADH
syndrome of inappropriate ADH excess ADH from other site (lung tumor) high ADH dilute body fluid
54
oxytocin
stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells lining milk duct major stimulus is sucking nip milk ejection and uterine contraction
55
blood supply to posterior pituitary
inferior hypophyseal arteries from anterior pituitary
56
causes of hypopituitarism
pituitary Dx hypothalamic Dx traumatic brain injury stroke
57
cortisol
increases blood glucose spike at 8am
58
pregnant woman and ischemia?
lose blood pituitary infarction
59
sheehan syndrome
pituitary infarction some cases, posterior pituitary relatively unaffected - bc of different blood supply
60
causes of hyperprolactinemia
drugs that decrease dopamine hypothyroidism - increase TRH can increase prolactin release
61
at birth
prolactin decreases over 2-3 months | increase with breastfeeding
62
GnRH and prolactin?
increased prolactin suppresses GnRH
63
all hormones decreased except prolactin?
likely damage to the pituitary stalk bc hypothalamus release hormones can't reach anterior pituitary and dopamine can't reach anterior pituitary to decrease prolactin
64
low FSH and LH and prolactin high?
high prolactin inhibits gonadotrope release
65
prolactinoma
increase prolactin levels will inhibit gonadotropin release Tx: dopamine agonist - to inhibit prolactin release
66
causes of acromegaly
somatotroph adenoma of anterior pituitary GHRH release from hypothalamic tumor
67
GH-IGF axis
GH increases IGF levels IGF feedback to increase somatostatin - inhibits GH IGF inhibition - undernutrition, illness, GH receptor deficiency, GHR antibodies, IFG-1 receptor deficiency
68
GH ad IGF
sometimes uncoupled like during
69
protein intake
increased GH, IGF, and insulin
70
carbohydrate intake
decreased GH, increased insulin, ~ IGF-1 increased caloric storage
71
fasting
increased GH insulin decrease decreased IGF-1 increased caloric mobilization decreased protein synthesis and growth
72
GH effects
growth | protection of body during stress
73
IGF-1
more stable in serum, longer half life better indicator for GH levels
74
glucose suppression test
to suppress GH
75
bitemporal hemianopsia
partial loss of visual both fields often associated with acromegaly
76
GH and fat, protein, glucose
lipolysis protein synthesis increased glucose levels (cause insulin resistance)
77
high GH and insulin
increased insulin levels - hyperplasia of beta cells over time - beta cells can start to die- -beta-cell exhaustion
78
GH induced diabetes
yes, can happen | like in acromegaly
79
octreotide
somatostatin analogue | for high GH secretion
80
pegvisomant
GH receptor antagonists | for high GH secretion
81
diabeticogenic effect of GH
causes insulin resistance
82
GH actions
diabetogenic increased protein synthesis (IGF-1) increased linear growth (IGF-1)

Endo Exam 1 (10 decks)

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