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GERR Physiology > Hypothalamus and Pituitary System > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Pituitary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary axis

A
  • a unit found in the brain aligned with the bridge of the nose
  • made of hypothalamus and pituitary gland
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2
Q

what connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

infundibulum ( aka : pituitary stalk ) which contains nerves and blood vessels

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3
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A
  • hypophyseal fossa , small bony cavity
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4
Q

What could a pituitary tumour impinge on

A
  • the optic chiasma , where optic nerves of both eyes cross over
  • could lead to bitemporal hemianopia : loss of peripheral vision
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5
Q

Where do surgeons enter to operate on pituitary gland

A
  • access from nostril or top of lip and go through sphenoidal sinus
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6
Q

Describe vascular and neuronal connections between hypothalamus and pituitary

A
  • posterior lobe connected neurologically to hypothalamus

- anterior lope connected vascularly to hypothalamus

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7
Q

What are the pituitary lobes and what are they connected to ( and how )

A
  • posterior and anterior pituitary lobes
  • posterior ( neurohypophysis) is connected to hypothalamus by neural pathway
  • anterior ( adenohypophysis ) is connected to hypothalamus by vascular pathway
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8
Q

Why are the pituitary lobes named neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis

A
  • neurohypophysis is made from brain tissue

- adenohypophysis is made from glandular tissue derived from mouth

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9
Q

Is there any connections between the anterior and posterior pituitary

A

none

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10
Q

List the main pituitary hormones ( COME BACK TO )

A
  • hypothalamus and posterior pituitary form neuroendocrine system that secreted ADH and oxytocin
  • anterior pituitary secretes mainly tropic hormones
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11
Q

What are the nuclei for the axons connecting the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary called and what is their function and location.

A
  • the paraventricular nucleus and supra-optic nucleus
  • both located in the hypothalamus
  • Contain cell bodies that produce ADH and oxytocin are manufactured
  • neurohormones are packaged and stored in the axon terminal in the posterior pituitary lobe
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12
Q

Most neurons that secrete ADH are located where

A

supra-optic neurons

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13
Q

Most neurons that secrete oxytocin are located where

A

paraventricular neurons

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14
Q

Does the posterior pituitary manufacture ADH and oxytocin ?

A

no, just stores them

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15
Q

What are the actions of oxytocin

A
  • stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection
  • given to women to start birthing process if they’re overdue
  • love hormone: important for bonding and building connection
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16
Q

What are the actions of Antidiuretic hormone

A
  • increases water permeability and absorption in renal collecting ducts by inserting water channels ( aquaporons) into walls of collecting ducts to enable absorption
  • vasoconstrictor , increase BP
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17
Q

Give alternate name for ADH

A

vasopressin

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18
Q

What are tropic hormones , how many are there

A
  • hormones that influence the secretion of another endocrine gland
  • stimulate and maintain endocrine target tissue
  • 5 released from anterior pituitary gland
19
Q

What are the 7 anterior pituitary hormones and their function

A

1- growth hormone : stimulate secretion of insulin like growth factor in liver which affects bone and muscle( GH )
2- thyroid stimulating hormone : stimulate thyroid (TSH)
3- adrenocorticotrophic hormone : stimulate adrenal gland to secrete corticosteroids (ACTH)
4- Prolactin : produces milk in mamMary glands and regulating reproductive function (PRL)
5- Follicle stimulating hormone : act on gonads , ovaries , testes (FSH)
6- Leuteinising hormone : act on gonads, ovaries , testes (LH)
7- Melanocyte stimulating hormone : stimulate melanocyte in skin to produce melanin (MSH)

20
Q

Is prolactin and melanocyte stimulating hormone a tropic hormone

A

no

21
Q

What are the gonadotrophin

A

Follicle stimulating hormone and leuteinising hormone

22
Q

Which brain region regulates hormone secretion from pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

23
Q

Which hormones are secreted by neurohypophysis

A
  • ADH and oxytocin
24
Q

How are levels of tropic hormones modulated by feedback from target hormones

A
  • by hypothalamic hormones and feedback by target gland hormones
25
Q

What are the hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones

A
  • hormones released by hypothalamus
  • aka releasing hormones
  • cause release and inhibition of anterior pituitary hormones
26
Q

List the hypophysiotropic hormones

A

1- growth hormone releasing hormone
2- growth hormone inhibiting hormone ( somatostatin )
3- thyroid releasing hormone
4- corticotrophin releasing hormone
5- prolactin releasing hormone
6- prolactin inhibiting hormone ( dopamine )
7- gonadotrophin releasing hormone

27
Q

Which hormone is being secreted more often, PRH or PIH

A

prolactin inhibiting hormone , why we are not lactating all the time

28
Q

What stimulated the secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • the hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones

-

29
Q

How are hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones secreted and where are they released

A
  • from neurosecretory neurons

- released into portal system ( capillary network from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary )

30
Q

What is the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system

A
  • venous blood flowing from one capillary network (hypothalamus ) to another capillary network ( anterior pituitary )
31
Q

Why is it important for the hormones to travel via the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system and not enter the systemic circulation

A
  • minimizes dilution of hormones as it moves from hypothalamus to pituitary
  • allows rapid response since they travel directly between hypothalamus & pituitary
32
Q

Decreased secretion of which hormone results from damage to hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system
a: ADH b: prolactin c: oxytocin d: PTH e: TSH

A
  • e
33
Q

Describe the 3 hormone sequence

A

1- hypophysiotropic hormone
2- anterior pituitary tropic hormone
3- peripheral target-endocrine gland hormone

34
Q

What does the peripheral target-endocrine gland hormone do

A
  • suppress secretion of tropic hormone driving

- aka long-loop negative feedback

35
Q

what is the short loop negative feedback mechanism

A
  • hormone produced by pituitary gland can feedback negatively to hypothalamus and stop the hypohysiotropic hormone releasing
36
Q

why are diurnal or circadian rhythms important to keep in mind

A
  • when giving someone hormones it’s important to know that during different times of the day there are different hormone levels
37
Q

Endocrine disorders are attributable to what ( 3)

A
  • hormonal deficiency , hormonal excess or decreased responsiveness of target cells
38
Q

What is primary hyposecretion and give examples of causes

A
  • too little hormones are being secreted due to abnormality with gland ( adrenal, liver , etc)
  • ex: genetic , dietary or cancer, iatrogenic surgery, immunological or toxic causes
39
Q

What is secondary hyposecretion and give examples of causes

A
  • gland is normal but too little hormone is secreted due to deficiency in tropic hormone
  • disorders of anterior pituitary
40
Q

What is tertiary hyposecretion and give examples of causes

A
  • gland is normal but too little hormone is secreted due to deficiency of the hypothalamic releasing hormone
  • disorder of hypothalamus
41
Q

What is panhypopituitarism

A
  • ## a condition in which the production and secretion of all hormones by the pituitary gland is reduced. ( anterior and posterior )
42
Q

What is primary hypersecretion

A
  • tumours that ignore normal regulatory input and secrete excess hormones
  • abnormality within gland itself
43
Q

What is secondary/tertiary hypersecretion

A
  • tumours that ignore normal regulatory input and secrete excess hormones
  • excessive secretion from pituitary or hypothalamus
44
Q

What are some consequences of hyper secretion

A

1- excess ACTH ( Cushing’s disease )
2- excess prolactin ( impaired reproductive function )
3- excess ADH ( fluid retention & low plasma osmolarity )
4- excess TSH ( grave’s disease )
5- excess hGH in children ( giantism )
6- excess hGH in adults ( acromegaly )

GERR Physiology (18 decks)

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