Hypothalamus - Friedman - Exam 1 Flashcards
(33 cards)
Four major functions of the hypothalamus:
HEAL
Homeostasis
Endocrine
Autonomic
Limbic (bodily expression)
The hypothalamus has two different kinds of outputs. One is a ___ output, which comes from the ___ gland. The other is the ___ output, which goes to an array of different systems, such as the brain system, motor systems, ANS, spinal cord, forebrain and limbic structures.
The hypothalamus has two different kinds of outputs. One is a humeral output, which comes from the pit. gland. The other is the neural output, which goes to an array of different systems, such as the brain system, motor systems, ANS, spinal cord, forebrain and limbic structures.
The hypothalamus is the ventral portion of the __
Diencephalon
The hypothalamus, like the thalamus is a set of nuclei. Almost all the nuclei participate in multiple functions.
The ___, ___ and ___ nuclei project to the rest of the hypothalamus.
The __, ___ and ___ nuclei are integrative nuclei and have outputs to the pituitary.
__, __, ___ and __ nuclei are integrative nuclei have have neural outputs to the brainstem and forebrain.
The hypothalamus, like the thalamus is a set of nuclei. Almost all the nuclei participate in multiple functions.
The pre-optic, suprachiasmatic, arcuate nuclei project to the rest of the hypothalamus.
The paraventricular, arcuate and ventromedial nuclei are integrative nuclei and have outputs to the pituitary.
Lateral, paraventricular, dorsomedial, and posterior nuclei are integrative nuclei have have neural outputs to the brainstem and forebrain.
The ___ nucleus produces 7 or 8 NT’s that go to different places
paraventricular
The hypothalamus integrates the forebrain (mainly the limbic system) inputs with the brainstem spinal cord. It gets its visceral sensory inputs via the __ nerve, __ nerve via the nucleus solitarious track. There is a big projection from the nucleus solitarious track to the hypothalamus. Some of it goes to the lateral parabrachial nucleus and then to the hypothalamus.
The outputs back to the brainstem are all about autonomic nervous system control. They project to the nuclei that are part of the autonomic nervous system (cranial nerve nuclei, and others) and it also projects directly to the spinal cord.
The hypothalamus integrates the forebrain (mainly the limbic system) inputs with the brainstem spinal cord. It gets its visceral sensory inputs via the IX nerve and X nerve via the nucleus solitarious track. There is a big projection from the nucleus solitarious track to the hypothalamus. Some of it goes to the lateral parabrachial nucleus then to the hypothalamus.
The outputs back to the brainstem are all about autonomic nervous system control. They project to the nuclei that are part of the autonomic nervous system (cranial nerve nuclei, and others) and it also projects directly to the spinal cord.
The brainstem mediates an array of reflexes that help keep our bodies working properly. The ___ controls how these reflexes work. These are typically controlled simply by sensory input from different types of receptors. Because of its __ inputs, the hypothalamus is able to modify homeostatic reflex activity in based on the emotional and cognitive environment
The brainstem mediates an array of reflexes that help keep our bodies working properly. The hypothalamus controls how these reflexes work. These are typically controlled simply by sensory input from different types of receptors. Because of its limbic inputs, the hypothalamus is able to modify homeostatic reflex activity in based on the emotional and cognitive environment
Visceral sensory information is relayed largely by the ___ nerve to the nucleus of the ___ tract. There are direct projections from the NTS (solitary tract) to the ___, and other, indirect projections, through the ___ nucleus. There is also a __-___ tract that carries pain info among other things.
Visceral sensory information is relayed largely by the vagus nerve to the nucleus of the solitary tract. There are direct projections from the NTS to the hypothalamus, and other, indirect projections, through the parabrachial nucleus. There is also a spino-hypothalamic tract that carries pain info among other things.
The hypothalamus controls the autonomic nervous system via connections in the brainstem. The most important brainstem ANS reflex centers include the periaqueductal Gray (PAG), rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX), nucleus ambiguus, and raphe nuclei. All of these project to the __ __.
The __ is a noradrenergic cell (NE releasing) group that projects to the intermediolateral cell column in the thoracic cord. It controls ____ output.
The hypothalamus controls the autonomic nervous system via connections in the brainstem. The most important brainstem ANS reflex centers include the periaqueductal Gray (PAG), rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX), nucleus ambiguus, and raphe nuclei. All of these project to the spinal cord. The RVLM is a noradrenergic cell group that projects to the intermediolateral cell column in the thoracic cord. It controls sympathetic output.
The hypothalamus controls the autonomic nervous system via connections in the brainstem. The most important brainstem ANS reflex centers include the periaqueductal Gray (PAG), rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX), nucleus ambiguus, and raphe nuclei. All of these project to the spinal cord. The RVLM is a noradrenergic cell group that projects to the intermediolateral cell column in the thoracic cord. It controls sympathetic output.
Visceral sensory information is relayed largely by the vagus nerve to the nucleus of the solitary tract. There are direct projections from the NTS to the hypothalamus, and other, indirect projections, through the parabrachial nucleus. There is also a spino-hypothalamic tract that carries pain info among other things.
The hypothalamus moniters the blood. It moniters the blood through some things called ___ organs. There are places where there is a break in the BBB, and, since capillaries are fennestraed, the neurons that are there can actually sample the blood. In addition to that, some of the neurons within the nuclei are sensitive to different parts of the ECF.
The ___ moniters blood osmolarity, Na+ levels and circulating pyrogens. The ___ moniters blood osmolarity and many hormones. The ___ ___ moniters toxins/vomiting, and many hormones.
Which circumventricular organs sample hormones?
Which circumventricular organs sample blood osmolarity?
Which circumventricular organ moniters toxins/vomiting?
Which circumventricular organ moniters Na+ levels?
Which one, out of SFO, OVLT, and AP do NOT moniter blood osmolarity?
The hypothalamus moniters the blood. It moniters the blood through some things called circumventricular organs. There are places where there is a break in the BBB, and, since capillaries are fennestraed, the neurons that are there can actually sample the blood. In addition to that, some of the neurons within the nuclei are sensitive to different parts of the ECF.
The OVLT (organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis) moniters blood osmolarity, Na+ levels and circulating pyrogens. The SFO (subfornical organ) moniters blood osmolarity and many hormones. The area postrema moniters toxins/vomiting, and many hormones.
Which circumventricular organs sample hormones? –> SFO and area postrema
Which circumventricular organs sample blood osmolarity? –> both SFO and OVLT
Which circumventricular organ moniters toxins/vomiting? –> area postrema (AP also samples hormones
Which circumventricular organ moniters Na+ levels?
–> OVLT (OVLT also samples blood osmolarity and circulating pyrogens)
Which one, out of SFO, OVLT, and AP do NOT moniter blood osmolarity? –> AP does not moniter blood osmolarity. It only moniters many hormones and toxins/vomiting.
The hypothalamus is involved in homeostatic control of survival functions such as:
C - TEAS
Cardivascular: HR and BP, Na+ and H2O balance
Temperature regulation
Energy balance
Activity cycles
Sexual functioning
There are thermoreceptors in the skin, deep organs and on preoptic neurons of the hypothalamus. These are the core of the temperature regulating system, but the hypothalamus also receives information about:
Nutritional status
Energy needs
Developmental stage
Emotional and motivational status
Endogenous pyrogens
These inputs modulate the response of the hypothalamus to thermoreceptor input
Control of cutaneous blood flow, skeletal muscle activity and sweating are the main mechanisms of thermoregulation
There are thermoreceptors in the skin, deep organs and on preoptic neurons of the hypothalamus. These are the core of the temperature regulating system, but the hypothalamus also receives information about:
Nutritional status
Energy needs
Developmental stage
Emotional and motivational status
Endogenous pyrogens
These inputs modulate the response of the hypothalamus to thermoreceptor input
Control of cutaneous blood flow, skeletal muscle activity and sweating are the main mechanisms of thermoregulation
Hypothalamus controls temperature. It is able to moniter brain temp, skin temp, visceral organ temp, because there are temp. receptors in all those places.
They all give input mainly to the __-__ area of the ___, which projects to other areas in the ___.
The outputs are first to the ANS, which makes changes in arteriole diameter, sweat glands, muscle and fat. These are short-term changes.
Long-term changes include: release of __ which changes metabolism and also behavior
Hypothalamus controls temperature. It is able to moniter brain temp, skin temp, visceral organ temp, because there are temp. receptors in all those places.
They all give input mainly to the pre-optic area of the hypothalamus, which projects to other areas in the hypothalamus.
The outputs are first to the ANS, which makes changes in arterioles, sweat glands, muscle and fat. This is a short-term change.
Long-term changes include: release of TSH which changes metabolism and also behavior
Pre-optic, suprachiasmatic, arcuate nuclei, are all input target areas, and project to the ___.
Pre-optic, suprachiasmatic, arcuate nuclei, are all input target areas, and project to the hypothalamus.
Mnemonic: pre-opt students are super characteristic are over arching overachievers that are hypo-tall (short) because they study all day.
Paraventricular, ventromedial nuclei, arcuate are ___ centers and have outputs to the ___.
The parents that are viscious, very motherly, and over arching overachievers send their music kids to the orchestra pit and force them to integrate with others.
Paraventricular, ventromedial nuclei, arcuate are integrative centers and have outputs to the pituitary gland.
The parents that are viscious, very motherly, and over arching overachievers send their music kids to the orchestra pit and force them to integrate with others.
Lateral, paraventricular, dorsomedial, posterior nuclei are integrative centers and have outputs to the__ and __.
Later on, the parents that are viscous end up delivering mail and post to the brainstem and forebrain.
Lateral, paraventricular, dorsomedial, posterior nuclei are integrative centers and have outputs to the brainstem and forebrain.
Later on, the parents that are viscous end up delivering mail and post to the brainstem and forebrain.
Our circadian cycles are linked to the light/dark cycle through ___ nucleus.
The ___ nucleus receives direct input from the ___, projects to other nuclei in the hypothalamus, and literally entrains the entire body to the light-dark cycle established by the sun through these connections.
Our circadian cycles are linked to the light/dark cycle through suprachiasmatic nucleus.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives direct input from the retina, projects to other nuclei in the hypothalamus, and literally entrains the entire body to the light-dark cycle established by the sun through these connections.
All eating behavior is determined by the ___. Cognitive, limbic and metabolic influences regulate eating.
___ stimulates eating,
___ (from pancreas) GLP-1, PYY and other peptides like leptin inhibit eating. That is, they elicit satiety.
Limbic control of eating is driven by the pleasure derived from eating. Eating turns on the brain reward system, which is an important learning and survival circuit. But certain foods, especially those high in sugar, fat and salt are especially good at activating this system.
These foods are said to have high hedonic value. Ghrelin makes the system more responsive to food (that’s why you like food more when you’re hungry).
All eating behavior is determined by the ___. Cognitive, limbic and metabolic influences regulate eating.
Ghrelin stimulates eating,
Insulin (from pancreas) GLP-1, PYY and other peptides like leptin inhibit eating. That is, they elicit satiety.
Limbic control of eating is driven by the pleasure derived from eating. Eating turns on the brain reward system, which is an important learning and survival circuit. But certain foods, especially those high in sugar, fat and salt are especially good at activating this system.
These foods are said to have high hedonic value. Ghrelin makes the system more responsive to food (that’s why you like food more when you’re hungry).
____ disorders often have endocrine and/or autonomic symptoms. These can be caused by destructive lesions such as in trauma, as well as space occupying lesions (neo-plasms, cysts).
Hypothalamic disorder often hae endocrine and/or autonomic symptoms. These can be caused by destructive lesions such as in trauma, as well as space occupying lesions (neo-plasms, cysts).
Vasopressin and Oxytocin are the two hormones released by the __ ___.
The hormones release by the anterior pituitary are:
FLAT PIG
F- FSH
L- LH
A- ACTH
T- TSH
P- Prolactin
I - (ignore)
G- GH
Vasopressin and oxytocin are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland.
Ant. pit releases:
FLAT PIG
F- FSH
L- LH
A- ACTH
T- TSH
P- Prolactin
I - (ignore)
G- GH
The pituitary gland has __ lobes.
The ___ lobe contains axon terminals
A.hormones released directly into blood supply
B.act directly on tissues
B.Anterior lobe contains cells (tropes) that synthesize hormones
A.Activated by hypothalamic releasing hormones
B.Release “tropic” hormones that act on glands and tissues
A.Posterior lobe contains axon terminals
A.hormones released directly into blood supply
B.act directly on tissues
B.Anterior lobe contains cells (tropes) that synthesize hormones
A.Activated by hypothalamic releasing hormones
B.Release “tropic” hormones that act on glands and tissues
Vasopressin synthesizing neurons are osmoreceptors. They sample the ECF.
Increased osmolarity increases firing rate and therefore releases ___ from the __ __. The ___ acts on the __ __ in the kidney to increase water reabsorption.
Vasopressin synthesizing neurons are osmoreceptors. They sample the ECF.
Increased osmolarity increases firing rate and therefore releases vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland. The vasopressin acts on the collecting ducts in the kidney to increase water reabsorption.
The ___ (aka ___ lobe) lobe contains axon terminals. Hormones are released directly into the blood supply and acts on tissues. The ___ lobe contains cells (tropes) that synthesize hormones.
The posterior (aka neural lobe) lobe contains axon terminals. Hormones are released directly into the blood supply and acts on tissues. The anterior lobe contains cells (tropes) that synthesize hormones.
