I Flashcards by sophiam Unknown

Is an energy harvesting process that transfers the chemical energy from glucose and other substances from ATP

Cellular respiration

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Is processed by the cell into pyruvate via glycolysis

Glucose

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One round of Krebs cycle produces?

3 NADH and 1 FADH²

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Glucose is ultimately broken down into 2 molecules of (blank) with a net gain of?

Pyruvate
2 ATP, 2 NADH

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The Krebs cycle takes place in the

Mitochondrial matrix

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Glucose is processed by the cell into pyruvate via

Glycolysis

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The pyruvate moves to the next step where it is decarboxylated and becomes bound to

Coenzyme A

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When the Coenzyme A becomes bounded, it forms?

Acetyl CoA

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Where the acetyl initially reacts condense with oxoloacetate forming citrate

Krebs cycle

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Several rounds of oxidation and ( blank) to remove 2 molecules of CO², the oxoloacetate is regenerated.

Decarboxylation

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The (blank) utilizes the electrons in the NADH and FADH² to power proton pumps.

Electron transport chain

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True or false.The electron transport chain is composed of four complexes.

True

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Acquires electrons from NADH and FADH² respectively and transfer the electrons to Coenzyme Q

Complex I and II

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Transfers electrons from Coenzyme Q to Cytochrome C

Complex III

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Transfers electrons from cytochrome C to Oxygen, forming water.

Complex IV

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All except complex III pump protons to the

Intermembrane space

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True or false. This accumulation of protons drive the protein ATP synthase, which creates ATP from ADP and phosphate using the potential energy of H fusion.

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All this is possible with the use of (blank) as the final electron acceptor.

Oxygen

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If oxygen is scarces such as in (blank), the (blank)!must be regenerated to continue glycolysis.

Anaerobic conditions
NAD+

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The pyruvate is reduced to (blank) via this method in humans. In yeasts, this results in the production of (blank)

Lactic acid
Ethanol

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Write the overall reaction for cellular respiration

C⁶H¹²O⁶+6O² ->6CO²+6H²0+25ATP
Glucose + oxygen that yields to carbon dioxide + water + ATP

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What is the literal meaning of glycolysis

Sugar splitting

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Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?

In the cytosol

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What is the advantage of glycolysis taking place stepwise?

If energy is released all at once it cannot be harnessed. Organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps to harness all of the energy.

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How many ATP are used (changed to ADP) in the first half of glycolysis?

How many ATP are made from ADP in the second half of glycolysis?

What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?

How many molecules of pyruvic acid are made from a single molecule of glucose?

What molecule stores the high-energy electrons (and hydrogen) removed from glucose in glycolysis?

NADH

During the first four steps of glycolysis, two phosphate groups are transferred to glucose via phosphorylation, where ATP is converted to ADP. The end product is fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate.

Glucose Activation

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate gets split into two fragments, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). DHAP then gets converted into G3P by the enzyme isomerase.

Sugar splitting

Both molecules of G3P become oxidized using NAD+, which becomes NADH. This process releases energy which is used to attach phosphates to the sugars, making them 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

Oxidation

During the last four steps of glycolysis, the phosphate groups of the molecules are transferred to ADP by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase creating ATP. This is done via the process of substrate-level-phosphorylation.

Formation of ATP

The three metabolic stages of cellular respiration

Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis: oxidative phosphorylation

In which of the three stages is most of the cell’s ATP produced?

Electron Transport Chain

Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle take place?

Mitochondria

What must happen to pyruvate before entering the citric acid cycle? How does this process occur?

It must be converted into Acetyl CoA. It occurs in 3 steps Pyruvates carbonyl group is given to CO2 Remaining carbon oxidized forming acetate Coenzyme A attached

Where does the oxaloacetate that Acetyl CoA combines with come from? What does this joining produce?

It comes from the previous Citric Acid Cycle. Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate = citrate

What do the next 7 steps of the citric acid cycle do to citrate?

Decomposes citrate back to oxaloacetate. 1 ATP generated per pyruvate. We get 2 pyruvates from glycolysis so 2 ATP are produced.

Fill in the table telling the energy rich molecules and amounts of each energy rich molecule produced in the citric acid cycle. NADH FADH² CO² ATO

8 2 6 2

Where is the electron transport chain located in an eukaryotic organism? In a prokaryotic organism?

Eukaryote: mitochondria Prokaryote: plasma membrane

How does the structure of the mitochondria allow space for thousands of copies of the electron transport chain?

Folding of the cristae increases surface area allowing space for thousands of copies of the electron transport chain

What are most of the components of the electron transport chain?

Protein

? How do these components of electron transport chain exist within the chain?

proteins existing in multiprotein complexes tightly bound with non-protein prosthetic groups

True or false. Electron carries alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons.

True

As you move down the electron transport chain, each electron carrier becomes more (BLANK) with the most electronegative carrier being oxygen.

electronegative

Electrons are transferred from (blank) to the first molecule in the electron transport chain in complex I.

NADH

Prosthetic groups (heme group), that accept and donate electrons

Cytochromes

True or false. FADH2 adds electrons to complex II first.

True

The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient; relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration.

Chemiosmosis

What is the structure of ATP synthase?

Part of ATP Synthase: catalytic knob, internal knob, rotor, stator

What is the role of ATP synthase in chemiosmosis?

Serve as sites that allow protons to diffuse back across the membrane

enables cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen.

Fermentation and anaerobic respiration

Can organisms living in environments without oxygen have electron transport chains? If so, how?

Yes, their final electron acceptor is something other than oxygen

What are the two type of fermentation discussed in this chapter?

Alcoholic fermentation Lactic acid fermentation

Pyruvate is converted into ethanol

Alcoholic fermentation

Pyruvate reduced directly by NADH to form lactate

Lactic acid fermentation

Cannot survive in oxygen

Obligate anaerobes

Can make ATP and survive using fermentation or aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen.

Facultative anaerobe

Amount of NADH

Amount of FADH²

Amount of CO²

Amount of ATP

He gave the term cell for box like structure observed in a cork

Robert Hooke

He theorized All plants are composed of cell

Matthias Schleiden

He theorized that animals are composed of cell

Theodore Schwann

He claimed that all living cells come from preexisting cell

Rudolf Virchow

He observed red blood cell see some nucleus

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Makes energy by breaking down food

Mitochondria

Controls what goes into and out of the cell

Cell membrane

Controls all cell processes

Nucleus

Makes proteins

Ribosomes

Contains the genetic information

Chromosome

Stores water food and waste

Vacuole

Makes food only in plants

Chloroplast

Surrounds and protects nucleus

Nuclear membrane

Package and distributes protein for transport outside the cell

Golgi body/golgi apparatus

Breaks down old cel parts and contains enzymes

Lysosome

Provides structural support and protection to the cell

Cell wall

Gel like substance where cellular activities takes place

Cytoplasm

Responsible for storing starch in plant cell

Omyplast

Is involved in ribosome sysnthesis

Nucleolus

Involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids

Endoplasmic reticulum

Has ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

No nucleus

Prokaryotic cell

Has nucleus

Eukaryotic cell

How things move in and out of the cell through the cell membrane

Cell transport

Gate keeper of the cell

Cell membrane

Is a stable internal environment/balance

Homeostasis

Ph and homeostasis O-14 ph scale

0-6 acidic 7 neutral 8-14 basic

If a solutions pH is UNBALANCED it is corrected with a

Buffer

Cell membrane is made of

Phosphate head (hydrophilic) Proteins Lipids tail (hydrophobic)

Have cell wall and cell membrane

Prokaryotes

Cell membrane only in animal cell Cell membrane and cell wall in plant cell

Eukaryotes

Does not require energy. From high concentration to low concentration

Passive transport

Movement of small particles across the cell membrane until homeostasis is reached

Diffusion

Requires the help of carrier and channel proteins

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration

Osmosis

The solution concentration is called

Tonicity

High concentration of solute. The water diffuses out of the cell that causes it to shrivel

Hypertonic solution

Low concentration of solute. The water diffuses into the cell that causes it to swell and possible explode

Hypotonic solution

Same concentration of solute. The water diffuses into and out of the cell on the same rate.

Isotonic solution

From low concentration to high concentration

Active transport

How materials exit the cell

Exocytosis

How materials enter the cell

Endocytosis

How small materials enter the cell

Pinocytosis

How larger materials enter the cell

Phagocytosis

ATP formula

C¹⁰H¹⁶N⁵O¹³P³

Proteins that work as pumps are called

Protein pumps

Without oxygen

Anaerobic respiration

With oxygen

Aerobic respiration

Monocarbon

Monosaccharides

Building large compound by combining smaller ones

Polymerization

DNA

Nucleic acid

Sex cell reproduction

Miosis

Growth and repair

Mitosis

What is PMAT

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Organizes microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system

Centrioles

Serves as the skeletal system of the cell

Microtubules

Rich in oxygen poor in carbon dioxide

Oxygenated blood

Rich in carbon dioxide poor in oxygen

Deoxygenated blood

I Flashcards

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